Evolution of groundwater salinity in the unconfined aquifer of Bou-Areg, Northeastern Mediterranean coast, Morocco     

A. El Mandour  F. El Yaouti  Y. Fakir  Y. Zarhloule  J. Benavente 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(3):491-503

The Bou-Areg plain in the Mediterranean coast at the North-eastern of Morocco is characterized by a semi-arid climate. The aquifer consists of two sedimentary formations of Plio-quaternary age: the upper formation of fine silts and the lower one of coarse silts with sand and gravels. The aquifer is underlain by marly bedrock of Miocene age that dips toward the coastal lagoon of Bou-Areg. The hydrodynamic characteristics vary between 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻³ m/s; and transmissivities range between 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻¹ m²/s. The general direction of flow is SW to NE, toward the lagoon. The aquifer is crossed by the river Selouane, which also ends in the lagoon. The groundwater is characterized by a high salinity that can reach 7.5 g/l. The highest values are observed in the upstream and in the downstream sectors of the aquifer. The temporal evolution of the physico-chemical parameters depends on the climatic conditions and piezometric variations. The analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of the physico-chemical parameters suggests different sources of groundwater salinization: the seawater intrusion, the influence of marly gypsum-bearing terrains, and the influence of anthropogenic products as the agricultural fertilizers, which cause great nitrate concentrations that vary between 80 and 140 mg/l.  相似文献   

Geochemical characterization of heavy metal contaminated area using multivariate factorial kriging   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Joaquim C. B. Queiroz  José R. Sturaro  Augusto C. F. Saraiva  Paulo M. Barbosa Landim 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(1):95-105

This paper describes a geostatistical method, known as factorial kriging analysis, which is well suited for analyzing multivariate spatial information. The method involves multivariate variogram modeling, principal component analysis, and cokriging. It uses several separate correlation structures, each corresponding to a specific spatial scale, and yields a set of regionalized factors summarizing the main features of the data for each spatial scale. This method is applied to an area of high manganese-ore mining activity in Amapá State, North Brazil. Two scales of spatial variation (0.33 and 2.0 km) are identified and interpreted. The results indicate that, for the short-range structure, manganese, arsenic, iron, and cadmium are associated with human activities due to the mining work, while for the long-range structure, the high aluminum, selenium, copper, and lead concentrations, seem to be related to the natural environment. At each scale, the correlation structure is analyzed, and regionalized factors are estimated by cokriging and then mapped.  相似文献   

Characterisation of aerosol from Santiago,Chile: an integrated PIXE–SEM–EDX study     

D. Morata  M. Polvé  A. Valdés  M. Belmar  M. I. Dinator  M. Silva  M. A. Leiva  T. Aigouy  J. R. Morales 《Environmental Geology》2008,56(1):81-95

Santiago de Chile is a big city with huge air quality problems, being one of the most polluted cities in the world. This is aggravated during winter by the topography and meteorological conditions of the city. Although public policies have been developed to minimise the atmospheric aerosol pollution, there is a lack of adequate knowledge and poor characterisation of these aerosols (in its PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ fractions). In this study we sampled atmospheric particles during winter in two distinct areas of Santiago: downtown (Teatinos Street) and in a more residential area (Macul). Major (Si, Al, Fe, Ca and K) and some trace element (S, Cl, Ti, P, Cr, Cu and Zn) compositions were obtained by proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Morphological, type and chemical characterisation was also performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis system (SEM–EDX). Besides the carbon particles, the contribution of which can be quite important in the atmospheric aerosol, especially in downtown, unambiguously lithogenic (i.e. of geological origin) particles and elements are the second highest contributors. Enrichment factor calculation, together with particle identification and element correlation allow the origin of some elements and particles to be traced, revealing anthropogenic origins for some of them that are specific to the Santiago area.  相似文献   

地下水水质监测与评价   总被引：16，自引：5，他引：11  

周仰效  李文鹏 《水文地质工程地质》2008,35(1):1-11

地下水由于分布广、水质好且开发费用低而成为全世界重要的供水水源。中国北方生活供水的一半来自地下水,地下水也是干旱期重要的农业灌溉水源。然而,地下水水质日益面临来自农业、工业和城市污染源的威胁。地下水水质监测是评价水质状况最可靠的方法,并可作为供水水源保护的早期预警系统。它为水管理部门和水用户提供可靠的科学数据以便更好地管理和保护地下水资源。世界上正在执行两个巨大的地下水质监测和评价项目:一个是欧盟的水框架计划;另一个是美国的国家水质评价计划。文章评述了地下水水质监测的现状,介绍了地下水易污性评价、地下水污染源分级和地下水污染风险评价的方法。地下水易污性分区图是土地利用规划和供水水源保护的基础。地下水污染源分级结果为污染源治理提供了优先顺序。地下水污染风险分区图圈划出地下水污染的高风险区,为地下水资源保护和地下水污染监测提供重要的依据。  相似文献   

Land-based sources of pollution along the Izmit Bay and their effect on the coastal waters     

Enis Morkoç  Oya S. Okay  Ayşe Edinçliler 《Environmental Geology》2008,56(1):131-138

The degree and the contribution of each point source to the pollution were determined in the Izmit Bay during the period 1999–2000. During 8 campaigns, samples from 11 points in the channels and water samples from 5 points in the coastal sea were collected for chemical analysis. The important pollutant parameters taken into account are inflow of total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate, ortho-phosphate, ammonia and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (t-PAHs) in the discharge channels, and TOC, TSS, nitrate, ortho-phosphate, chlorophyll-a, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity in the coastal stations of the Bay. It should be pointed out that the industrial wastewaters entering the bay are partially treated but domestic wastes are discharged directly into the surface waters without any treatment. Of the pollution parameters measured in the channels, the highest concentrations, except TP, were observed in the Dil River and in the Eastern Channel. Concentrations of TOC, TSS, TN, TP, ammonia, nitrate and o-phosphate were found at concentrations of 231, 290, 152, 3.8, 16, 79, and 3.07 mg/L, respectively. Annual inflows of TOC were 21,301, 580, and 775 t/year and for TSS were 26,742, 585, and 1505 t/year in the western, central and eastern parts, respectively. The results show that the water quality of the bay has been deteriorated and 80% of the pollution was caused by Dil River for all parameters measured.  相似文献   

廊坊市规划区土壤环境污染的地球化学评价     

师淑娟  宫进忠  晋思潮  王军生 《物探与化探》2008,32(5):571-573

系统采集廊坊市规划区耕层和深层土壤,分析2类土壤中的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、B、Mo、Co、Hg、As、Pb、Cl、Cd、F、Se、Cr、I共 21种元素含量及耕层土壤pH值.区内主要污染元素为Hg、Pb、Mn、Cd、N.通过其计算的耕层土壤环境质量评价表明:西北部较好,东南部较差,从西务、大官庄、周各庄至彭庄、大枣林一带京山铁路北侧环境质量最差.污染成因与工农业生产、日常生活中的废水、废气、废渣排放密切相关.  相似文献   

Defining optimal DEM resolutions and point densities for modelling hydrologically sensitive areas in agricultural catchments dominated by microtopography     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2017

Defining critical source areas (CSAs) of diffuse pollution in agricultural catchments depends upon the accurate delineation of hydrologically sensitive areas (HSAs) at highest risk of generating surface runoff pathways. In topographically complex landscapes, this delineation is constrained by digital elevation model (DEM) resolution and the influence of microtopographic features. To address this, optimal DEM resolutions and point densities for spatially modelling HSAs were investigated, for onward use in delineating CSAs. The surface runoff framework was modelled using the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) and maps were derived from 0.25 m LiDAR DEMs (40 bare-earth points m⁻²), resampled 1 m and 2 m LiDAR DEMs, and a radar generated 5 m DEM. Furthermore, the resampled 1 m and 2 m LiDAR DEMs were regenerated with reduced bare-earth point densities (5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 points m⁻²) to analyse effects on elevation accuracy and important microtopographic features. Results were compared to surface runoff field observations in two 10 km² agricultural catchments for evaluation. Analysis showed that the accuracy of modelled HSAs using different thresholds (5%, 10% and 15% of the catchment area with the highest TWI values) was much higher using LiDAR data compared to the 5 m DEM (70–100% and 10–84%, respectively). This was attributed to the DEM capturing microtopographic features such as hedgerow banks, roads, tramlines and open agricultural drains, which acted as topographic barriers or channels that diverted runoff away from the hillslope scale flow direction. Furthermore, the identification of ‘breakthrough’ and ‘delivery’ points along runoff pathways where runoff and mobilised pollutants could be potentially transported between fields or delivered to the drainage channel network was much higher using LiDAR data compared to the 5 m DEM (75–100% and 0–100%, respectively). Optimal DEM resolutions of 1–2 m were identified for modelling HSAs, which balanced the need for microtopographic detail as well as surface generalisations required to model the natural hillslope scale movement of flow. Little loss of vertical accuracy was observed in 1–2 m LiDAR DEMs with reduced bare-earth point densities of 2–5 points m⁻², even at hedgerows. Further improvements in HSA models could be achieved if soil hydrological properties and the effects of flow sinks (filtered out in TWI models) on hydrological connectivity are also considered.  相似文献   

无人机三维空气质量监测研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

彭艳  叶金伟  张利勇  聂晨晖  倪慧珠  张傲敏 《测绘科学》2017,42(11)

针对现有空气监测缺乏污染垂直分布特征的观测及数据采集覆盖范围有限的问题,该文提出了用无人驾驶飞机搭载微型空气质量检测器监测大气污染的方法,首先分析了传统地面监测站的缺点,并阐述了监测设备的构成;然后从无人驾驶飞机大气污染空间采样方案、污染物数据的准确性及可靠性校正、大气污染时空规律几个方面做了研究;最后选择浙江省临安市青山湖街道、上海奉贤区等地区进行了试验。研究结果能有效补充地面监测站的数据缺失,揭示PM2.5、O3等大气污染物的垂直分布、垂直扩散及区域性输送特征,为空气污染预警和防控对策机制的制定提供重要技术依据。  相似文献   

长沙市API指数时空变化特征及气象条件影响     

杨云芸  李跃清  周慧 《气象与环境科学》2017,40(1):108-113

利用长沙站2007—2012年逐日空气污染指数(Air Pollution Index,API)资料,对逐日空气污染指数、逐日空气质量级别等变化的差异进行了研究,其中包括了长沙空气质量的月变化、季节变化和年变化等,并利用湖南省地面气候背景资料及长沙市地面逐日观测资料,包括日平均气压、日降水量、日最高最低气温等,分析了长沙的API指数变化与气象因子的关系。结果表明:1)长沙2007—2012年每年的首要污染物均为可吸入颗粒物(PM10),其中在秋、冬两季污染尤为严重,API指数每年10月份出现极大值,1月份出现次大值。2)2007—2012年,长沙轻度污染及以上天数有逐年减少的趋势。这可能与长沙市在该时段秋冬季降水偏多、春季连阴雨时间长及夏季气温高等因素有关。3)长沙市API指数与日平均气压呈显著正相关,与日平均、日最高、日最低气温及日平均风速均呈显著负相关。  相似文献   

2012—2014年常州市大气重污染日的气象条件分析     

陈渤黎  雷正翠  董芹 《气象与环境科学》2017,40(1):87-94

利用常州市环境监测中心的大气污染监测资料、常州市气象局的常规气象观测资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等分析了2012—2014年常州市的大气污染情况,将大气重污染日的地面形势场进行了分型,并重点分析了污染程度极为严重的2013年1月的气象条件,得到以下结论：1)近3年常州市共计出现大气重污染日54天,冬季为重污染日数最多的季节,首要污染物主要是PM2.5。2)可将重污染日的地面形势场归纳为均压场型、高压底部型、高压后部型、变性高压型和低压型5种类型：均压场型扩散条件差,为大气重污染最常见的地面形势;高压底部型一般伴随有冷空气扩散,往往导致上游污染物的输送;高压后部型、变性高压型分别意味着冷高压移出和变性减弱致使污染物累积导致大气重污染发生;低压型一般易出现降水,若前期污染程度较重或降水较弱,往往导致污染维持。3)2013年1月大气污染极其严重,单月共计出现重污染日14天,降水量异常偏少是本月重污染频发的主要原因之一,高温高湿小风环境则有利于大气重污染的形成。4)秋冬季节多冷空气活动,本地往往经历均压场高压底部冷空气冷高压均压场的循环过程,冷空气“间歇期”为大气重污染高发时段,故地面形势场对大气重污染的预报预警有着较好的指示作用。  相似文献