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91.
中国冰冻圈水文未来变化及其对干旱区水安全的影响 总被引：10，自引：9，他引：1
受气候变暖持续影响, 中国冰冻圈水文过程正在发生着显著变化。在梳理已有过去冰冻圈融水变化基础上, 重点分析了冰冻圈融水径流未来变化特点, 尤其是对冰川融水拐点及温升2 ℃阈值情况下, 到2050年和21世纪末, 冰川融水的可能变化进行了辨析, 进而研判了冰冻圈水文变化对流域、 重点是干旱区内陆河流域水安全的影响。研究表明, 中国未来大部分流域冰川融水径流总体呈现减少趋势, 并呈现冰川径流持续减少、 在不久的将来出现峰值和持续增加三种情况; 单条冰川融水可能会出现拐点, 而且拐点是否出现和出现的时间与升温速率和冰川面积大小有关; 在流域尺度上, 冰川覆盖率较大、 大型冰川面积占比较高的流域, 到2050年融水径流持续稳定增加; 冰川规模较小的流域, 冰川径流峰值早已出现; 介于上述两种情况之间的大多数流域, 冰川融水峰值在2020 - 2030年相继出现或变化呈现不显著增加或减少, 相对稳定; RCP情景温升2 ℃阈值下, 到21世纪末, 西北干旱区冰川融水量减少34% ~ 74%。冰冻圈水文变化导致水源涵养能力下降、 径流补给量减少、 对水资源的调节作用减弱、 流域径流变化幅度增加、 发生旱涝的风险增加、 春汛提前进而影响用水制度。 相似文献
92.
青藏高原及其周边地区冰川融水径流无机水化学特征研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
冰川融水径流是冰川流域物质运移的重要通道, 对其水化学特征和变化的研究有助于揭示冰川作用区物质的生物地球化学循环过程, 并为认识和评价冰川消融对自然环境和人类生活的影响提供基础。青藏高原及其周边地区分布着除两极以外最大储量的冰川, 近年来在气候变暖背景下冰川加速退缩消融。该地区冰川融水径流中各类化学组分的变化及其气候环境效应研究逐渐成为热点。因此, 通过概述青藏高原冰川融水径流中无机化学组分的含量和时空变化特征, 并总结离子和元素的主要来源及常用的物源追踪手段, 进一步综合分析得到： 冰川融水径流中离子和微量元素的含量及变化特征受冰川消融、 基岩性质、 径流水文特征和其他水体物理化学过程等因子和过程的共同影响。在总结该研究领域现存问题的基础上进行了展望, 认为应加强观测和基础数据积累, 厘清无机水化学组分的输移规律, 深入揭示影响水化学组分变化的多因素的协同拮抗作用机制, 评价冰川融水径流水化学的气候环境效应, 为应对青藏高原冰川消融带来的环境变化提供科学指导。 相似文献
93.
94.
One of the key issues associated with the hypothesis of catastrophic subglacial drainage of the Livingstone Lake event is whether flows of such large magnitudes are physically feasible. To explore this issue, a one‐dimensional hydraulic network flow model was developed to investigate the range of peak discharges and associated flow parameters that may have been carried by a tunnel channel network in south‐east Alberta, Canada. This tunnel channel network has been interpreted elsewhere to carry large discharges associated with subglacial meltwater flows because of the convex longitudinal profiles of individual channels. This computational modelling effort draws upon established and verified engineering principles and methods in its application to the hydraulics of this problem. Consequently, it represents a unique and independent approach to investigating the subglacial meltwater hypothesis. Based on the modelling results, it was determined that energy losses resulting from friction limit the maximum peak discharge that can be transported through the tunnel channel network to 107 m3 s−1, which is in reasonable agreement with previous estimates of flood discharges for proposed megafloods. Results show that flow through channels with convex longitudinal profiles occurs when hydraulic head exceeds 910 m (Lost River) and 950 m (Sage Creek) , respectively. These are considerably below the maximum head capable of driving flow through the system of 1360 m, beyond which ice is decoupled from the bed across the pre‐glacial drainage divide. Therefore, it is concluded that these model results support the hypothesis of catastrophic subglacial drainage during the Livingstone Lake event. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
95.
Wu Jin-Kui Wu Xiu-Ping Hou Dian-Jiong Liu Shi-Wei Zhang Xue-Yan Qin Xiang 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(13):2399-2410
ABSTRACTGlacier-melt-induced changes in runoff are of concern in northwestern China where glacier runoff is a major source for irrigation, industries and ecosystems. Samples were collected in different water mediums such as precipitation, glacial ice/snowcover, meltwater, groundwater and streamwater for the analysis of stable isotopes and solute contents during the 2009 runoff season in the Laohugou Glacial Catchment. The multi-compare results of δ18O values showed that significant difference existed in different water mediums. Source waters of streamflow were determined using data of isotopic and geochemical tracers and a three-component hydrograph separation model. The results indicated that meltwater dominated (69.9 ± 2.7%) streamflow at the catchment. Precipitation and groundwater contributed 17.3 ± 2.3% and 12.8 ± 2.4% of the total discharge, respectively. According to the monthly hydrograph, the contribution of snow and glacier meltwater varied from 57.4% (September) to 79.1% (May), and that of precipitation varied from 0% (May) to 34.6% (September). At the same time, the monthly contribution of groundwater kept relatively steady, varying from 9.7% (June) to 20.9% (May) in the runoff season. Uncertainties for this separation were mainly caused by the variation of tracer concentrations. It is suggested that the end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) method can be used in the runoff separation in an alpine glacial catchment.
Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor Not assigned 相似文献
96.
W. Berry Lyons Kathleen A. Welch Andrew G. Fountain Gayle L. Dana Bruce H. Vaughn Diane M. McKnight 《水文研究》2003,17(1):115-130
We have analysed a series of surface samples from the alpine glaciers of Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica for their geochemical composition. This was done to better establish the role of glaciochemical variation on the chemical composition of meltwater streams emanating from the glaciers. The chemistry of the snow and ice changes with proximity to the ocean and with elevation of the glacier surface. The aeolian transport of dry valley dust, as indicated by both chemical and particulate matter variations, is a major process affecting the overall glacier chemistry and the chemistry of the meltwaters. Streams originating on the western edges of the glaciers are more impacted by the aeolian input as they are in the direct path of the major regional wind direction. Our data strongly suggest that the variation in stream geochemistry in Taylor Valley is a result in part of the differences in chemical composition of glacier melt. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
97.
98.
Snowmelt is the most significant source of runoff generation and recharge in many of the mountainous watersheds worldwide and this is especially true in the southwestern United States. Yet, the isotopic and geochemical composition of the soil–meltwater endmember remains poorly constrained. Using the isotopic compositions of snow and snowmelt runoff samples taken from the landscape surface as proxies for soil–meltwater endmembers is problematic since they are typically not representative of the actual composition of soil meltwater. Furthermore, the applicability of current methodologies to collect the isotopic composition of meltwater is limited because of the remote and often seasonally inaccessible nature of the terrain where snowpacks develop. Therefore, a robust methodology requiring little maintenance or monitoring is desirable. A lab experiment was conducted to determine the suitability of using a modified passive capillary sampler (M‐PCAPS) design to collect snowmelt infiltration for isotopic analysis. Passive capillary samplers are constructed from fiberglass wicks that can be installed in the soil to sample vadose‐zone waters under a wide range of matric potentials and require little maintenance. Results from this lab experiment indicate that the wicking process associated with M‐PCAPS does not fractionate water but certain precautions are necessary to prevent exchange between the wick and the atmosphere. In this experiment, M‐PCAPS effectively tracked the changing isotopic composition of a soil reservoir undergoing evaporation. Therefore, M‐PCAPS provide a robust methodology to sample the isotopic composition of snowmelt infiltration in remote watersheds and similar applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
99.
祁连山七一冰川雪冰和冰川融水中正构烷烃和多环芳烃的分布特征及来源研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
2008年6月,在祁连山七一冰川采集雪坑、冰川融水和冰川末端冰样,经过大孔吸附树脂富集后,用GC-MS对样品中的正构烷烃(nC14～nC32)和多环芳烃进行了分析.结果表明,正构烷烃的含量在冰川融水中最高,雪坑次之,冰中最低;多环芳烃的含量在雪坑中最高,冰中最低,冰川融水界于二者之间.正构烷烃与多环芳烃都具有很强的疏水性,在固-液相分配过程中倾向于保留在残留固相中.由于冰川融水样品距冰川末端约1km,沿途地表土壤和植被会贡献部分正构烷烃,所以冰川融水中正构烷烃的含量最高.与正构烷烃不同,多环芳烃较易挥发,而且易被沿途土壤和植被所吸附,导致冰川融水中多环芳烃的含量降低.冰川末端冰中正构烷烃与多环芳烃的含量都很低,可能是由于冰川末端冰年代比较古老,受人类活动的污染较轻.正构烷烃的碳优势指数(CPI值)表明,七一冰川中的正构烷烃主要来自高等植物蜡和化石燃料燃烧产物的混合物,多环芳烃的荧蒽/芘(Fla/Pyr)和菲/蒽(Phe/Ant)比值表明,七一冰川冰雪和冰川融水中检测到的多环芳烃主要来自化石燃料的不完全燃烧. 相似文献
100.
喀喇昆仑公路沿线地表水理化特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究喀喇昆仑公路沿线地表水环境基本特征,为公路改扩建施工中开展水环境保护提供支持.2008年9月-2009年10月在喀喇昆仑公路沿线的印度河、洪扎河和红其拉甫河采集地表径流样,分析了样品中pH值和悬移质浓度,现场监测了水体透明度.结果表明:所有样品的pH值介于6.7~7.5之间,悬移质浓度分布在0~1 841 mg.L-1之间,水体透明度在2~107 cm.公路沿线地表径流的pH值基本呈中性,pH值的变化受补给的冰川融水pH值的时空变化规律影响;地表径流中悬移质是影响水体透明度的主要因素.监测数据还显示,气温影响下的冰川融水径流形成的水文过程是悬移质时间变化的主要控制因素,3条河流中悬移质浓度存在明显的空间分布规律,其中红其拉甫河中上游河段水中悬移质浓度含量较低,是喀喇昆仑公路改扩建工程施工中水环境保护的重点河段. 相似文献