Occurrence of soil erosion after repeated experimental fires in a Mediterranean environment     

J. Campo  V. Andreu  E. Gimeno-García  O. Gonzlez  J.L. Rubio 《Geomorphology》2006,82(3-4):376-387

In the Mediterranean area, forest fires have become a first-order environmental problem. Increased fire frequency progressively reduces ecosystem recovery periods. The fire season, usually followed by torrential rains in autumn, intensifies erosion processes and increases desertification risk. In this work, the effect of repeated experimental fires on soil response to water erosion is studied in the Permanent Field Station of La Concordia, Valencia, Spain. In nine 80 m² plots (20 m long × 4 m wide), all runoff and sediment produced were measured after each rainfall event. In 1995, two fire treatments with the addition of different biomass amounts were applied. Three plots were burned with high fire intensity, three with moderate intensity, and three were unburned to be used as control. In 2003, the plots with the fire treatments were burned again with low fire intensities. During the 8-year interval between fires, plots remained undisturbed, allowing regeneration of the vegetation–soil system. Results obtained during the first 5 months after both fire experiments show the high vulnerability of the soil to erosion after a repeated fire. For the burned plots, runoff rates increased three times more than those of 1995, and soil losses increased almost twice. The highest sediment yield (514 g m^− 2) was measured in 2003, in the plots of the moderate fire intensity treatment, which yielded only 231 g m^− 2 of sediment during the corresponding period in 1995. Runoff yield from the control plots did not show significant temporal changes, while soil losses decreased from 5 g m^− 2 in the first post-fire period to 0.7 g m^− 2 in the second one.  相似文献   

冀西北地区北西向构造的地球物理证据及地质意义     

施兴  彭朝晖  宫进忠  张亚东 《物探与化探》2006,30(2):111-114

全球范围内的北西向构造被称为特提斯巨型线性构造,中国境内以婆罗科—祁连山—秦岭线性构造带为主干的北西向构造十分发育,这是一组重要的控矿构造。依据冀西北地区1:20万区域重力调查成果,讨论了区内北西向构造的地球物理(重力场或磁场)证据及其对重要矿产的定位控制作用,其中康保—赤城—密云断裂是铅锌银最佳成矿带;张北—张家口—怀来—昌平断裂是活动地震带;万全榆林沟—涿鹿倒拉咀断裂则可能是重要的大地构造单元划分界线。  相似文献   

新疆地壳结构和演化中的若干问题   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘训 《地学前缘》2006,13(6):111-117

以新疆独山子-泉水沟地学断面的资料为主,讨论了泉水沟-阿勒泰剖面的地壳结构主要特征。它们不仅在地表形成了三山两盆的盆山结构面貌,而且在深部的地壳结构上也有明显的不同。进而我们认识到以天山和祁连山为代表的中国西北的主要山系在地质历史上虽然属于不同时期的造山带,但真正形成现代的盆山结构是新生代以来壳幔相互作用的结果。特别是天山地区,新生代以来的造山活动和古生代时期有明显的不同,也和高原南侧喜马拉雅山的新生代造山作用不同,我们称之为“天山型造山运动和天山型造山带”。  相似文献   

西宁盆地北西缘地下热水分布特征   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

石维栋张森琦  周金元辛元红李永国  尚小刚 《中国地质》2006,33(5):1131-1136

笔者重点对西宁盆地北西缘南门峡-台子地区地下热水的赋存条件、热储构造概念模型进行了讨论。基于实际资料,得出地处老爷山凸起与双树凹陷间斜坡带,具有“凹中凸”地质结构的南门峡-台子地热异常热储为新元古界克素尔组大理岩和白垩系民和组砂砾岩,地热地质条件好。提出了该区的热储概念模型是“层控热储-侧向径流补给-大地热流供热-深大断裂导热-低热导率岩层聚热”,且具一定的地热资源开发利用前景。  相似文献   

Human Impact Since Medieval Times and Recent Ecological Restorationin a Mediterranean Lake: The Laguna Zoñar, Southern Spain     

Blas L. Valero-Garcés  Penélope González-Sampériz  Ana Navas  Javier Machín  Pilar Mata  Antonio Delgado-Huertas  Roberto Bao  Ana Moreno  José S. Carrión  Antje Schwalb  Antonio González-Barrios 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(3):441-465

The multidisciplinary study of sediment cores from Laguna Zoñar (37°29′00′′ N, 4°41′22′′ W, 300 m a.s.l., Andalucía, Spain) provides a detailed record of environmental, climatic and anthropogenic changes in a Mediterranean watershed since Medieval times, and an opportunity to evaluate the lake restoration policies during the last decades. The paleohydrological reconstructions show fluctuating lake levels since the end of the Medieval Warm Period (ca. AD 1300) till the late 19th century and a more acute dry period during the late 19th century – early 20th century, after the end of the Little Ice Age. Human activities have played a significant role in Laguna Zoñar hydrological changes since the late 19th century, when the outlet was drained, and particularly in the mid-20th century (till 1982) when the spring waters feeding the lake were diverted for human use. Two main periods of increased human activities in the watershed are recorded in the sediments. The first started with the Christian conquest and colonization of the Guadalquivir River Valley (13th century) particularly after the fall of the Granada Kingdom (15th century). The second one corresponds to the late 19th century when more land was dedicated to olive cultivation. Intensification of soil erosion occurred in the mid-20th century, after the introduction of farm machinery. The lake was declared a protected area in the early 1980s, when some agricultural practices were restricted, and conservation measures implemented. As a consequence, the lake level increased, and some littoral zones were submerged. Pollen indicators reflect this limnological change during the last few decades. Geochemical indicators show a relative decrease in soil erosion, but not changes in the amount of chemical fertilizers reaching the lake. This study provides an opportunity to evaluate the relative significance of human vs. climatic factors in lake hydrology and watershed changes during historical times. Paleolimnological reconstructions should be taken into account by natural resources agencies to better define lake management policies, and to assess the results of restoration policies.  相似文献   

Neotectonic aspects of the northern margin of the Adana-Cilicia submarine basin, NE Mediterranean     

E Ozel  A Ulug  B Pekcetinoz 《Journal of Earth System Science》2007,116(2):113-124

The sedimentary basins that dominate the north-eastern Mediterranean (Adana-Cilicia basins in the west and Iskenderun basin in the east) are located on the flanks of a partly submerged positive structure (a part of the Africa-Eurasia convergence zone) along which strike-slip faults are evident. This study summarizes the findings of two seismic surveys carried out in the Alanya-Mersin offshore region. Some 850 km of geophysical survey lines were compiled on these cruises. Based on the results determined from these surveys, the north and central part of Adana-Cilicia basin can be subdivided into eastern, central and western structural sub-basins separated by the Ecemiş fault complex in the east and the Anamur-Kormakiti structural high in the west at the same time. Results of this study also indicate that Ecemiş and Anamur-Kormakiti faults are active. Late Miocene regional compression was responsible for the compartmentation of this complex into the present arrangement and has initiated the rotational regime which has governed subsequent tectonic developments, notably the extensional behaviour of the NE-SW trending Ecemiş and Anamur-Kormakiti faults and the transpressive behaviour of the NNE-SSW trending border fault complex.  相似文献   

Red palaeosols sequence in a semiarid Mediterranean environment region     

J. A. González Martín  V. Rubio Fernández  R. García Giménez  Raimundo Jiménez Ballesta 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(7):1093-1102

In this work we study one of the most palaeopedological sequence formed in Central Spain, which is located on the Pliocene–Pleistocene erosional surface in the Madrid Basin. We also analyse its relationship to erosive and sedimentary Pleistocene events in order to obtain new data for a correct interpretation of the origin and evolution of forms at the top of tabular lands in this site. The geomorphic features and the properties of a sequence of very red palaeosols that developed on this old surface can help us in the understanding of the palaeoclimatic evolution of Central Spain in a Mediterranean climate. They were examined to identify pedologic and climatic changes during the Quaternary. The soil sequence comprises intercalated palaeoargillic and palaeopetrocalcic horizons. The clay minerals are mainly illite, kaolinite, smectite and sepiolite. The alternation of argillic and calcic horizons, limestone debris (cryoclastic colluvions) and aeolian sands suggests succeeding periods of phytostability and phytoinstability (biostasis/rhexistasis). Argillation, rubification and calcium carbonate accumulation were repeated throughout the Pleistocene and it is hypothesised that climatic conditions during numerous stages of this period were not very different from the present conditions.  相似文献   

滇西北中甸普朗斑岩铜矿流体包裹体初步研究   总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23  

王守旭  张兴春  秦朝建  石少华  冷成彪  陈衍景 《地球化学》2007,36(5)

普朗斑岩铜矿位于三江地区义敦岛弧南端的中甸弧,是在晚三叠世甘孜.理塘洋盆向西俯冲过程中形成的一个大型.超大型矿床.通过显微测温学和激光拉曼谱学研究,发现普朗斑岩铜矿含矿石英脉中广泛发育富液相包裹体、含CO2三相/两相包裹体、含子晶多相包裹体.子晶种类复杂,盐类矿物主要有石盐、钾盐、方解石、石膏.金属矿物主要为黄铜矿和赤铁矿.流体包裹体中发现有4种流体,即高盐度岩浆流体、含CO2低盐度流体、中等盐度流体以及少量低盐度水溶液.高盐度岩浆流体的均一温度范围457～245℃,均一压力范围(259.33-25.43)×105 Pa,盐度为34%-54%NaCI,密度为1.12-1.07 g/cm3,富含Na、K、Ca、Cu、Fe、CO2、Cl、S等成分.原始岩浆流体可能是由中酸性岩浆上升至中间岩浆房后直接出溶而成,并汇聚在岩浆房的顶部.在甘孜.理塘洋盆的俯冲过程中,岩浆流体在流体内压和洋盆俯冲所产生的主压应力场的共同作用下,可以间歇性地从岩浆房上涌,为早期岩浆活动(226±3)～(228±3)Ma所形成的岩浆.热液系统提供了持续的矿质和热源.含CO2低盐度流体与高盐度岩浆流体的相分离作用是导致普朗斑岩铜矿主成矿期网脉状.浸染状矿化的主要原因.  相似文献   

湘西北铅锌矿床的地质特征及找矿标志   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：10  

杨绍祥  劳可通 《地质通报》2007,26(7):99-908

湘西北铅锌矿床是中国著名的层控型金属矿床,其地质特征和规模类似于美国的密西西比铅锌矿床。湘西北地跨上扬子地块和江南地块(北西缘)2个二级大地构造单元。按矿床所处的不同大地构造位置及其地质-地球化学特征,将湘西北铅锌矿床划分为洛塔、花垣、保靖铅锌矿田和凤凰铅锌汞矿田。其中控矿层位有3个:下寒武统清虚洞组下段藻灰岩、中寒武统敖溪组上段粉晶云岩和下奥陶统南津关组生物碎屑灰岩。较全面地论述了湘西北铅锌矿床的地质特征,并对找矿标志进行了探讨。  相似文献   

Geoscience of ancient Mediterranean harbours     

Nick Marriner  Christophe Morhange   《Earth》2007,80(3-4):137-194

Although much has been written on the subject of ancient Mediterranean harbours, the relatively new area of harbour geoarchaeology remains dispersed in the geoscience and archaeological literature. Over a decade of research has amassed rich and varied datasets of anthropogenically forced coastal evolution, with a remarkable number of between-site analogies. This new research field also shows the rich potential of geoscience to reconcile important archaeological questions. No single publication, however, has yet drawn on these geological patterns to yield a detailed overview suitable for geoscientists and environmental archaeologists. The aim of this review article is to (1) discuss how ancient harbours have come to be preserved in the geological record; (2) expound the basic principles and palaeoenvironmental tools underpinning ancient harbour geoarchaeology; (3) outline some of the most significant research advances made; and (4) discuss a new chrono-stratigraphic model applicable to harbour sequences.  相似文献