The imprint of plants on ecosystem functioning: A data-driven approach     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2015

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Achieving additional emission reductions under a cap-and-trade scheme     

Paul Twomey  Regina Betz  Iain MacGill 《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):424-439

Over the last decade, cap-and-trade emissions schemes have emerged as one of the favoured policy instruments for reducing GHG emissions. An inherent design feature of cap-and-trade schemes is that, once the cap on emissions has been set, no additional reductions beyond this level can be provided by the actions of those individuals, organizations and governments within the covered sectors. Thus, the emissions cap constitutes an emissions floor. This feature has been claimed by some to have undesirable implications, in that it discourages ethically motivated mitigation actions and preempts the possibility that local, state and national governments can take additional mitigation action in the context of weak national or regional targets. These criticisms have become prominent in Australia and the US within the public debate regarding the adoption of an emissions trading scheme (ETS). These criticisms and their potential solutions are reviewed. A set-aside reserve is proposed to automatically retire ETS permits, which would correspond to verified and additional emissions reductions. This minimizes the possibility that ethically motivated mitigation actions are discouraged, allows for additional action by other levels of government, while providing transparency to other market participants on the level of permit retirements.  相似文献   

Dynamical evolution of rotating stellar systems – III. The effect of the mass spectrum     

Eunhyeuk Kim  Hyung Mok Lee  Rainer Spurzem 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,351(1):220-236

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The formation and evolution of bars in low surface brightness galaxies with cold dark matter haloes     

Lucio Mayer  James Wadsley 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,347(1):277-294

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Sérsic properties of disc galaxy mergers     

H. Aceves  H. Velázquez  F. Cruz 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,373(2):632-642

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Detection of satellite remnants in the Galactic Halo with Gaia– I. The effect of the Galactic background, observational errors and sampling     

Anthony G. A. Brown  Hector M. Velázquez  Luis A. Aguilar 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,359(4):1287-1305

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The Qso Hosts I Zw 1 and 3C 48: Prototypes of a Merger-Driven Quasar Evolution?     

Julia Scharwächter  Andreas Eckart  Susanne Pfalzner  Jens Zuther  Melanie Krips  Eva Schinnerer  Johannes Staguhn 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2005,295(1-2):101-106

I Zw 1 and 3C 48 are two neighboring template objects at a later stage of the hypothesized merger-driven evolutionary sequence from ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) to quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). Since galaxy mergers are assumed to trigger the evolution, it is important to confirm the merger properties of transitionary objects. Using multi-wavelength observations and N-body simulations, the merger histories of I Zw 1 and 3C 48 have been investigated in two separate case studies. Here, the results from both studies are compared and their relevance for the evolutionary hypothesis is discussed.This research is partly based on observations with ISAAC at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) under projects 67.B-0009 and 67.B-0019.  相似文献   

The angular momentum of dark haloes: merger and accretion effects     

Sébastien Peirani  Roya Mohayaee  José A. de Freitas Pacheco 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,348(3):921-931

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Orientation dependency of broad-line widths in quasars and consequences for black hole mass estimation     

Matt J. Jarvis  Ross J. McLure 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,369(1):182-188

We have identified two new galaxies with gas counter-rotation (NGC 1596 and 3203) and have confirmed similar behaviour in another one (NGC 128), this using results from separate studies of the ionized-gas and stellar kinematics of a well-defined sample of 30 edge-on disc galaxies. Gas counter-rotators thus represent 10 ± 5 per cent of our sample, but the fraction climbs to 21 ± 11 per cent when only lenticular (S0) galaxies are considered and to 27 ± 13 per cent for S0 galaxies with detected ionized gas only. Those fractions are consistent with but slightly higher than previous studies. A compilation from well-defined studies of S0 galaxies in the literature yields fractions of 15 ± 4 and 23 ± 5 per cent, respectively. Although mainly based on circumstantial evidence, we argue that the counter-rotating gas originates primarily from minor mergers and tidally induced transfer of material from nearby objects. Assuming isotropic accretion, twice those fractions of objects must have undergone similar processes, underlining the importance of (minor) accretion for galaxy evolution. Applications of gas counter-rotators to barred galaxy dynamics are also discussed.  相似文献   

Origin of the counterrotating gas in NGC 1596     

Aeree Chung  Bärbel Koribalski  Martin Bureau  J. H. van Gorkom 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,370(3):1565-1572

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