A time-domain viscous damping model based on frequency-dependent damping ratios   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Der-Wen Chang  J. M. Roesset  Chan-Hua Wen 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2000,19(8):157-558

This paper introduces the mathematics and procedures used in developing a time-dependent damping model for integration analyses of structural response. To establish the time-dependent viscous damping model, frequency-dependent damping ratios of the structure under a series of steady-state unit impulses corresponding to actual loads are first calculated. For simplicity, the ratios can be incorporated with the static stiffness of the structure to model approximately the impulse induced damping spectrum. According to the nature of the problem, these ratios can be calculated from the theoretical impedance functions and experimental observations. With the computed damping spectrum, the damping coefficient in the time domain can be obtained with the Fourier transform technique. Adopting the impulse–response method, the damping can be modeled rationally through integration with changing loads. Numerical examples are presented to show the feasibility of this model while the transform criterion is satisfied.  相似文献   

Rb and Sr Geochemical Characterization of the Chinese Loess Stratigraphy and Its Implications for Palaeomonsoon Climate   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

CHEN JunDepartment of Earth Sciences  Nanjing University  Nanjing WANG Yongjin  Department of Geography  Nanjing Normal University  Nanjing CHEN Yang  LIU Lianwen  JI Junfeng Department of Earth Sciences  Nanjing University  Nanjing  LU Huayu Xi ''an State Key Laboratory of Loess  Quaternary Geology  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Xi ''an 《《地质学报》英文版》2000,74(2):279-288

Concentrations and distributions of Rb and Sr in loess and palaeosol samples from the Luochuan profile have been studied, in grain-size fractions and chemical forms. Results show that Rb is quite rich in the fraction of less than 2μm, and exits only in the residual phase, while Sr is distributed in sand and silt fractions, occurring in the residual and carbonate phases. Therefore, variations of the concentrations of Rb and Sr in loess and palaeosols are closely related not only to dustfall compositions depending on winter monsoon wind strength but also to summer monsoon-induced pedogenic intensity. This indicates that variations of Rb/Sr ratio in Chinese loess sequences represent cyclic alternations of East Asian summer and winter monsoon climates on the orbital time-scale. Variations in Sr concentrations along the sequence bear a high similarity to the oxygen isotope record of the deep sea sediments over the past 2.5 Ma, whereas variations in Rb concentrations are in good agreement with the record of  相似文献   

CCSD主孔金红石与石榴子石中锆石包裹体的Hf元素地球化学特征     

蔡志慧  曾令森  张泽明  梁凤华  陈方远 《地质学报》2006,80(12):1898-1903,插2

本文样品是采自中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔的含金红石榴辉岩,在这些样品中常常含有锆石副矿物,锆石可以呈粒间矿物存在,也可以包裹在其他矿物(如石榴子石、金红石)中。背散射电子图像(BSE)显示这些锆石包裹体的亮度较弱,颗粒较小(约10~30μm),发育多晶面,晶体内部结构和成分均匀。采用能谱分析(EDS)方法来测量锆石的元素成分含量,结果表明:1这些锆石具有很高的Hf含量,金红石中达到1.51%~2.45%,石榴子石中为1.77%~2.13%;2Zr/Hf值约为35.92,比一般的基性原岩中的锆石的Zr/Hf值明显要低,这些特征说明它们很可能是形成在超高压条件下的变质锆石。  相似文献   

Petrogenesis of Volcanic Rocks from Saipan and Rota, Mariana Islands, and Implications for the Evolution of Nascent Island Arcs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Reagan  Mark K.; Hanan  Barry B.; Heizler  Matthew T.; Hartman  Brian S.; Hickey-Vargas  Rosemary 《Journal of Petrology》2008,49(3):441-464

An ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of 45·1 Ma determined for lavas fromnorthern Saipan confirms that these high-silica rhyolites eruptedduring the ‘proto-arc’ stage of volcanism in theIzu–Bonin–Mariana system, which is characterizedelsewhere by eruption of boninitic lavas. Incompatible traceelement concentrations and Sr, Hf, Nd, and Pb isotope ratiosfor these rhyolites are transitional between those of c. 48Ma boninitic lavas and post-38 Ma ‘first-arc’ andesitesand dacites from Saipan and Rota that have typical subduction-relatedcompositions. These transitional compositions are modeled bycrystal fractionation of parental tholeiitic basalt combinedwith assimilation of young boninitic crust. A second stage ofRayleigh fractionation in the upper crust is required by SiO₂concentrations that exceed 77 wt % and near-zero compatibleelement concentrations. First-arc magma compositions are consistentwith fractionation of basalt and assimilation of crust similarin composition to the first-arc magmas themselves. The mantlesources of the proto-arc and first-arc lavas from Saipan andRota are similar to those of Philippine back-arc basin basaltsbased on Nd and Hf isotopic compositions. The Pb isotope compositionsof these lavas are between those of Pacific sea-floor basaltsand Jurassic and younger cherty and clay-rich sediments. Thiscontrasts with the boninitic proto-arc volcanic rocks from Guamand Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 458 and 459 that have Pbisotope compositions similar to Pacific basin basalts and volcaniclasticsediments. The preferred explanation for the difference in thenature of proto-arc volcanism between Saipan and other fore-arclocations is that the crust ceased extending 3–4 Myr earlierbeneath Saipan. This was caused by a change from mantle upwelling,fore-arc extension, and shallow melting to an environment dominatedby more normal mantle wedge convection, stable crust, and deepermelting. KEY WORDS: rhyolite; andesite; Mariana arc; isotope ratios; trace elements  相似文献   

Quaternary changes in delivery and accumulation of organic matter in sediments of Lake Biwa, Japan     

Philip A. Meyers  Keiji Takemura 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1997,18(3):211-218

A 911-m-long sediment core from Lake Biwa, Japan, provides a record of organic matter delivery and accumulation in this large lake during a succession of tectonic and climatic changes dating back to the latest Pliocene. Sediments deposited since 430 ky are profundal; older sediments vary in setting between shallow-water and fluviodeltaic conditions, with occasional deep-water intervals. C/N ratios identify algal production as the dominant source of organic matter throughout the core, although the proportion of land-derived contributions episodically increases in the fluviodeltaic and shallow-water sediments. Rates of organic matter delivery and burial in lake sediments change in response to glacial-interglacial climate changes over the past 430 ky. Sediments deposited during interglacial intervals have organic carbon mass accumulation rates up to 9 times greater than those from glacial intervals, reflecting interglacial climates that were wetter than glacial climates. Algal production of organic matter increased during interglacial times because of greater wash-in of soil nutrients, and organic matter preservation was enhanced because of faster sedimentation rates.  相似文献   

基于降水微物理特征测量仪的雨滴形状观测与分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

舒小健  高太长  刘西川  胡帅  江诗阳 《气象》2017,43(1):91-100

利用自主研制的降水微物理特征测量仪开展降水观测试验,得到了大量的雨滴图像。研究了异常雨滴图像的形成原因和处理方法,以此为基础重点研究了在极坐标下基于Akima插值的数字雨滴图像矢量化方法,得到了雨滴平均形状特征和轴比分布特征。结果表明,直径小于1 mm的雨滴以圆形为主,在1.0~3.0 mm的雨滴以椭圆形为主,大于3.0 mm的雨滴逐渐呈现顶部凸起,底部偏平的形状;雨滴的平均轴比分布与经验分布一致,相互之间差异在±0.04 mm范围以内;雨滴的平均轴比与经验模型的差值在粒径3.4~3.8 mm出现峰值,该范围内的雨滴较经验关系具有更圆的形状特性。  相似文献   

Stable isotope analysis of Pacific salmon: insight into trophic status and oceanographic conditions over the last 30 years     

Franklin R. Satterfield  IV  Bruce P. Finney   《Progress in Oceanography》2002,53(2-4)

Food web interactions and the response of Pacific salmon to physical processes in the North Pacific Ocean over interannual and interdecadal timescales are explored using naturally occurring stable isotope ratios of carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N). Stable isotope analyses of five species of sexually mature North Pacific salmon from Alaska (Oncorhynchus spp.) cluster into three groups: chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) have the highest values, followed by coho (O. kisutch), with chum (O. keta), sockeye (O. nerka), and pink (O. gorbuscha) together having the lowest values. Although detailed isotopic data on salmon prey are lacking, there are limited data on relevant prey items from areas in which they are found in high abundance. These data suggest that the characteristics of the sockeye, pink and chum we have analyzed are compatible with their diets including open ocean squid and zooplankton, which are in general agreement with stomach content analyses. Isotope relationships between muscle and scale show consistent relationships for both δ¹³C (R²=0.98) and δ¹⁵N (R²=0.90). Thus, scales, which have been routinely archived for many systems, can be used for retrospective analyses. Archived sockeye salmon scales spanning 1966–1999 from Red Lake, Kodiak Island, Alaska were analyzed for their stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen. The δ¹⁵N record displays a decreasing trend of ˜3‰ from 1969–1982 and an increasing trend of ˜3‰ from 1982–1992, while the variations in δ¹³C are relatively minor. These trends may result from factors such as shifts in trophic level of feeding and/or feeding location, or may originate at the base of the food web via changes in processes such as nutrient cycling or primary productivity. Detailed studies on prey isotopic variability and its controls are needed to distinguish between these factors, and thus to improve the use of stable isotope analysis as a tool to learn more about present and past ecosystem change in the North Pacific and its relation to climatic change.  相似文献   

Spatial variation of nutrients and primary productivity in the Rufiji Delta mangroves,Tanzania     

A Minu  JF Machiwa  S Pamba 《African Journal of Marine Science》2020,42(2):221-232

Determinations of spatial and temporal variations in organic matter and nutrient dynamics in water and sediments are crucial for understanding changes in aquatic bodies. In this study, we (i) determine the spatial dynamics of dissolved inorganic nutrients, during the transition from the dry to the rainy season, and (ii) provide future productivity predictions for the Rufiji Delta mangroves, Tanzania, based on the input of various nutrients. Water samples were collected from six locations, three times per year between April 2012 and January 2014, and analysed for dissolved nutrients, total organic and inorganic carbon, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids. The prediction of future net primary productivity in the Rufiji mangroves was undertaken using the software STELLA. The mean nutrient concentrations were of the order: nitrate > phosphate > ammonium > silica > dissolved organic carbon. The study revealed that high nutrient concentrations occurred in the northern part of the Rufiji Delta as a result of anthropogenic influence in the watershed. Modelling of nutrient inputs into the delta indicated enhanced primary productivity, which is expected to increase the vulnerability of water quality in the near future due to eutrophication.  相似文献   

多种水面类型蒸发的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

毛锐  高俊峰 《海洋与湖沼》1996,27(4):445-450

分析有水草水面、污水面、受热水面、盐水（盐水）面等特定水面类型的蒸发量，并与清水、淡水对照，求出蒸发比，还计算了太湖地区有水草水面和受热水面的蒸发模型，为确定湖泊的蒸发量提供一新途径，最后建议用水生植物的蒸腾规律来控制水面蒸发，调节水面温度。  相似文献   

Predicting the optical properties of the West Florida Shelf: resolving the potential impacts of a terrestrial boundary condition on the distribution of colored dissolved and particulate matter   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

W. Paul Bissett  Robert Arnone  Sharon DeBra  Dwight A. Dieterle  Daniel Dye  Gary J. Kirkpatrick  Oscar M. Schofield  Gabriel A. Vargo 《Marine Chemistry》2005,95(3-4):199-233

Predicting the distribution of Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) in the water column requires predicting the physical, chemical, biological, and optical interactions in a common framework that facilitates feedback responses. This work focuses on the development of ecological and optical interaction equations embedded in a 2D hindcast model of the shallow water optical properties on the West Florida Shelf (WFS) during late summer/fall of 1998. This 2D simulation of the WFS includes one case with a Loop Current intrusion above the 40-m isobath and one with the Loop Current intrusion in addition to a periodic terrestrial nutrient supply below the 10-m isobath. The ecological and optical interaction equations are an expansion of a previously developed model for open ocean conditions (Bissett, W.P., Carder, K.L., Walsh, J.J., Dieterle, D.A., 1999a. Carbon cycling in the upper waters of the Sargasso Sea: II. Numerical simulation of apparent and inherent optical properties. Deep-Sea Research, Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 46 (2), 271–317; Bissett, W.P., Walsh, J.J., Dieterle, D.A., Carder, K.L., 1999b. Carbon cycling in the upperwaters of the Sargasso Sea: I. Numerical simulation of differential carbon and nitrogen fluxes. Deep-Sea Research, Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 46 (2), 205–269). The expansion includes an increase in the number of elemental pools to include silica, phosphorus, and iron, an increase in the number of phytoplankton functional groups, and a redevelopment of the Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) and Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) interaction equations. It was determined from this simulation that while the Loop Current alone was able to predict the water column conditions present during the summer, the Loop Current alone was not enough to simulate the magnitude of optical constituents present in the fall of 1998 when compared to satellite imagery. Simulating terrestrial inorganic and organic nutrients and CDOM pulses coinciding with significant meteorological events and high freshwater pulses released from the major rivers feeding the WFS were required to accurately predict the distribution and scale of the inherent optical properties at the surface during the fall months. Modeling the in situ light field for phytoplankton growth and community competition requires addressing the CDOM optical constituent explicitly. The majority of the annually modeled CDOM on WFS was created via in situ production; however, it was also rapidly removed via advection and photochemical destruction. A pulse of terrestrial nutrient and organic color was required to simulate the dramatic changes in surface color seen in satellite imagery on the WFS. The dynamics of the biogeochemical portion of the simulation demonstrate the importance of nonstoichiometric supplies of terrestrial nutrients on the WFS to the prediction of nutrient and CDOM fluxes.  相似文献