好氧反硝化反应器中微生物群落的碳代谢特征     

江玉立  黄志涛  宋协法  陈钊 《海洋与湖沼》2018,49(2):331-339

本文采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术,分析了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)5、6、7h和进水硝酸盐(NO3ˉ-N)浓度50、100、150mg/L时,好氧反硝化反应器微生物群落结构和代谢功能特征。研究结果表明:在同一进水硝酸盐浓度下,水力停留时间越长,微生物代谢活性越强(P0.05);在同一水力停留时间下,不同进水NO3ˉ-N浓度下微生物平均吸光值(用平均颜色变化率AWCD指示)的大小顺序为50150100mg/L(P0.05),说明进水NO3ˉ-N浓度对微生物代谢活性有一定影响。反应器内微生物对不同碳源的代谢利用由强到弱的顺序是:多聚物氨基类碳水化合物羧酸类胺类酚酸类。不同处理组的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数、Mc Intosh指数相互之间差异显著(P0.05),其中HRT为7h、NO3ˉ-N为150mg/L以上处理组微生物多样性指数最高。本实验采用Biolog-ECO板来分析在好氧反硝化反应器中微生物的群落代谢特征,研究结果可为通过碳源调节生物滤池水处理效果提供科学依据,以此提高水处理效率。  相似文献   

高岭土对聚丙烯酰胺静吸附与动滞留的影响     

李宜强  曲成永 《海洋地质译丛》2010,(2):72-76

在三次采油领域里,吸附滞留量是影响化学剂驱油效果的关键因素之一。结合现场实施注聚采油工艺出现的各种问题,在基础理论的指导下,通过室内模拟实验45℃条件下,利用淀粉-碘化镉比色法研究了聚丙烯酰胺水溶液在不含油石英砂中的静态吸附及人造均质岩心中的动态滞留规律,并考察了高岭土对其滞留量产生的影响。实验结果表明,吸附等温线基本符合S型,溶液浓度在1 200 mg/L附近达饱和吸附;高岭土的存在使聚合物在石英砂中的吸附量及岩心中的滞留量增加,随着高岭土含量的增加,吸附滞留量由0.353 mg/g增加到0.794 mg/g。相同实验条件下,吸附量要远远多于滞留量。  相似文献   

Parameter estimation for multiple post-wildfire hydrologic models     

Brian A. Ebel  John A. Moody 《水文研究》2020,34(21):4049-4066

Predictions of post-wildfire flooding and debris flows are needed, typically with short lead times. Measurements of soil-hydraulic properties necessary for model parameterization are, however, seldom available. This study quantified soil-hydraulic properties, soil-water retention, and selected soil physical properties within the perimeter of the 2017 Thomas Fire in California. The Thomas Fire burn scar produced catastrophic debris flows in January 2018, highlighting the need for improved prediction capability. Soil-hydraulic properties were also indirectly estimated using relations tied to soil-water retention. These measurements and estimates are examined in the context of parameterizing post-wildfire hydrologic models. Tension infiltrometer measurements showed significant decreases (p < .05) in field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_fs) and sorptivity (S) in burned areas relative to unburned areas. Wildfire effects on soil water-retention were dominated by significant decreases in saturated soil-water content (θ_S). The van Genuchten parameters α, N, and residual water content did not show significant wildfire effects. The impacts of the wildfire on hydraulic and physical soil properties were greatest in the top 1 cm, emphasizing that measurements of post-fire soil properties should focus on the near-surface. Reductions in K_fs, θ_s, and soil-water retention in burned soils were attributed to fire-induced decreases in soil structure evidenced by increases in dry bulk density. Sorptivity reductions in burned soils were attributed to increases in soil-water repellency. Rapid post-fire assessments of flash flood and debris flow hazards using physically-based hydrologic models are facilitated by similarities between K_fs, S, and the Green–Ampt wetting front potential (ψ_f) with measurements at other southern CA burned sites. We suggest that ratios of burned to unburned K_fs (0.37), S (0.36), and ψ_f (0.66) could be used to scale unburned values for model parameterization. Alternatively, typical burned values (K_fs = 20 mm hr⁻¹; S = 6 mm hr^−0.5; ψ_f = 1.6 mm) could be used for model parameterization.  相似文献   

The influence of salinity on hysteresis of soil water‐retention curves     

Kuo‐Chen Ma  Yong‐Jun Lin  Yih‐Chi Tan 《水文研究》2013,27(17):2524-2530

Taiwan is surrounded by the sea, and the southwestern seashores are suffering from a growing land subsidence problem caused by the excessive extraction of groundwater. There is also very serious intrusion by seawater along the coastline. These circumstances obstruct any land use, soil remediation or agriculture development in the area. When seawater intrudes, salt gets into the soil. The infiltration, evapotranspiration and the distribution of salinity in the unsaturated soil become a very complex problem. It is vital to investigate the hysteresis of soil water‐retention curves, combined with the salinity in these areas. Therefore, this study's main focus will be the calibration of variations in salinity and their effect on the hysteresis of soil water‐retention curves. In the wetting processes, the salty soil water‐retention curves undergo an upper shift compared with the original soil water‐retention curves because of the higher tension of saltwater. In the drying processes, there is also an upper shift compared with the original curves because the salinity influences the air‐entry pressure. The saltwater's high salinity causes the hysteresis of soil water‐retention curves to experience a greater shift. The changes in salinity also cause changes to the hysteresis curves’ shape factors, which conforms to Huang's model (developed by Huang H.C., Y.C. Tan, C.W. Liu, and C.H. Chen in 2005), the values of α and n. The value of α decreases with the increased salinity. The trend of the n value presents an irregular result. A linear regression of the α^w and α^d values was advanced where the R‐square values of α^w and α^d exceeded 0.97. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Moisture characteristics and their point pedotransfer functions for coarse‐textured tropical soils differing in structural degradation status     

Sunday E. Obalum  Martin E. Obi 《水文研究》2013,27(19):2721-2735

The effect of soil structure on hydraulic pedotransfer functions (PTFs) in tropical soils with similar mineralogy and texture has not been well documented. Structurally contrasting soils from representative locations in southeastern Nigeria were analyzed for moisture retention at 0, 6, 10, 33, 100, 300 and 1500 kPa among other properties. They were grouped by depth (topsoils or subsoils) and also by their structural degradation status into low‐ and high‐stability soils, corresponding to organic matter (OM):[silt + clay] of <7.5 and >7.5%, respectively. Soil depth and structural stability influenced the soil moisture characteristic curves. The data were fitted to three tropical point PTFs, but none of them proved appropriate for predicting moisture retention in the soils. We therefore derived new ones using multiple linear stepwise regressions before and after the dataset grouping and compared their performances by means of cross‐validation. Moisture retention in the soils (sand content, 73.2–93.8%) could not be calibrated from texture and OM concentration alone, until when bulk density, total porosity and microporosity were included among the regressors. Microporosity's role was particularly outstanding at all matric potentials but the 1500 kPa. The ensuing PTFs represent a good fit for the soil moisture retention data. The two grouping strategies resulted in lower SE of the estimates in some cases, but this did not enhance the performances of the concerned PTFs. At the 1500 kPa, however, the PTF incorporating all datasets performed better than separate PTFs for topsoils/subsoils but worse than the one for high‐stability soils. Information on soil structure can therefore benefit PTF derivation for kaolinite‐dominated, coarse‐textured tropical soils at all the matric potentials considered. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3种生物聚合物改良粉土的持水特性研究     

张俊然  赵鑫鑫  姜彤 《岩土力学》2022,43(8):2157-2164

针对黄河流域水土流失防治,以往多采用水泥等灰色材料进行加固筑堤,但生态环境破坏严重。为响应黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的国家战略,采用环境友好的生物聚合物对黄河流域典型粉土进行改良,通过WP4C仪测量生物聚合物改良粉土的持水特性,并从微观角度分析了生物聚合物改良粉土持水特性的机制。研究结果表明,与未改良土相比,生物聚合物改良粉土饱和含水率增大,孔隙比增大,持水能力显著提高。黄原胶、结冷胶、瓜尔胶改良粉土的持水能力均随着掺量的增加而增加,结冷胶改良的效果优于黄原胶、瓜尔胶。其机制为生物聚合物颗粒经过水合作用形成水凝胶,填充颗粒间孔隙,增加颗粒之间的黏结性。而且黄原胶、结冷胶改良粉土中形成类似蜂巢结构的孔隙空间,为其提供储水空间,进而提高改良土的持水特性。上述研究结果可为生物聚合物安全、科学地应用于黄河流域水土流失的防治提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Petroleum Retention,Intraformational Migration and Segmented Accumulation within the Organic-rich Shale in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,Northeast China     

HUANGFU Yuhui  ZHANG Jinyou  ZHANG Shuichang  WANG Xiaomei  HE Kun  GUAN Ping  ZHANG Huanxu  ZHANG Bin  WANG Huajian 《《地质学报》英文版》2023,97(5):1568-1586

In this study, organic geochemical and petrological analyses were conducted on 111 shale samples from a well to understand the retention, intraformational migration and segmented accumulation(shale oil enrichment in different intervals is unconnected) features of shale oil within the organic-rich shale in the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag. Our study shows that retained petroleum characteristics in the investigated succession are mainly influenced by three factors: organic richness, int...  相似文献   

软岩钻进用新型复合片钻头的研制与应用          下载免费PDF全文

杨春 《探矿工程》2010,37(12):74-76

为提高复合片在软岩钻进中的效率及寿命,提出了改变复合片切削齿形状,运用新的布齿方式和新的保径设计,设计制造的Φ76 mmPDC钻头在软岩钻进中取得了良好的效果。详细介绍了该软岩钻头的结构设计及现场应用效果。  相似文献   

A modified multiple tension upward infiltration method to estimate the soil hydraulic properties          下载免费PDF全文

D. Moret‐Fernández  B. Latorre  C. Peña‐Sancho  T.A. Ghezzehei 《水文研究》2016,30(17):2991-3003

Determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity, K_s, and the shape parameters α and n of the water retention curve, θ(h), is of paramount importance to characterize the water flow in the vadose zone. This work presents a modified upward infiltration method to estimate K_s, α and n from numerical inverse analysis of the measured cumulative upward infiltration (CUI) at multiple constant tension lower boundary conditions. Using the HYDRUS‐2D software, a theoretical analysis on a synthetic loam soil under different soil tensions (0, 0–10, 0–50 and 0–100 cm), with and without an overpressure step of 10 cm high from the top boundary condition at the end of the upward infiltration process, was performed to check the uniqueness and the accuracy of the solutions. Using a tension sorptivimeter device, the method was validated in a laboratory experiment on five different soils: a coarse and a fine sand, and a 1‐mm sieved loam, clay loam and silt‐gypseous soils. The estimated α and n parameters were compared to the corresponding values measured with the TDR‐pressure cell method. The theoretical analysis demonstrates that K_s and θ(h) can be simultaneously estimated from measured upward cumulative infiltration when high (>50 cm) soil tensions are initially applied at the lower boundary. Alternatively, satisfactory results can be also obtained when medium tensions (<50 cm) and the K_s calculated from the overpressure step at the end of the experiment are considered. A consistent relationship was found between the α (R² = 0.86, p < 0.02) and n (R² = 0.97, p < 0.001) values measured with the TDR‐pressure cell and the corresponding values estimated with the tension sorptivimeter. The error between the α (in logarithm scale) and n values estimated with the inverse analysis and the corresponding values measured with pressure chamber were 3.1 and 6.1%, respectively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Cyclic hysteretic flow in porous medium column: model, experiment, and simulations     

F. Stauffer  W. Kinzelbach 《Journal of Hydrology》2001,240(3-4):264-275

A periodic vertical movement of the groundwater table results in a subsequent cyclic response of the water content and pressure profiles in the vadose zone. The sequence of periodic wetting and drying processes can be affected by hysteresis effects in this zone. A one-dimensional saturated/unsaturated flow model based on Richards’ equation and the Mualem (Soil Sci. 137 (1984) 283) hysteresis model is formulated which can take into account multi-cycle hysteresis effects in the relation between capillary pressure and water content. The numerical integration of the unsaturated flow equation is based on a Galerkin-type finite element method. The flow domain is discretised by finite elements with linear shape functions. Simulations start with static water content and pressure profiles, which correspond to either a boundary drying or wetting retention curve. To facilitate the numerical solution of the hysteretic case an implicit non-iterative procedure was chosen for the solution of the nonlinear differential equation. Laboratory experiments were performed with a vertical sand column by imposing a high frequency periodic pressure head at the lower end of the column. The total water volume in the column, and the periodic water content profile averaged over time were measured. The boundary drying and wetting curves of the relation between water content and capillary pressure were determined by independent experiments. The simulations of the experimental conditions show a clear effect of the hysteresis phenomenon on the water content profile. The simulations with hysteresis agree well with the measurements. Computed dimensionless water content profiles are presented for different oscillation frequencies with and without consideration of hysteresis.  相似文献