Mantle convection with a brittle lithosphere: thoughts on the global tectonic styles of the Earth and Venus   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Louis Moresi  & Viatcheslav Solomatov 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,133(3):669-682

Plates are an integral part of the convection system in the fluid mantle, but plate boundaries are the product of brittle faulting and plate motions are strongly influenced by the existence of such faults. The conditions for plate tectonics are studied by considering brittle behaviour, using Byerlee's law to limit the maximum stress in the lithosphere, in a mantle convection model with temperature-dependent viscosity.
When the yield stress is high, convection is confined below a thick, stagnant lithosphere. At low yield stress, brittle deformation mobilizes the lithosphere which becomes a part of the overall circulation; surface deformation occurs in localized regions close to upwellings and downwellings in the system. At intermediate levels of the yield stress, there is a cycling between these two states: thick lithosphere episodically mobilizes and collapses into the interior before reforming.
The mobile-lid regime resembles convection of a fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity and the boundary-layer scalings are found to be analogous. This regime has a well defined Nusselt number–Rayleigh number relationship which is in good agreement with scaling theory. The surface velocity is nearly independent of the yield stress, indicating that the 'plate' motion is resisted by viscous stresses in the mantle.
Analysis suggests that mobilization of the Earth's lithosphere can occur if the friction coefficient in the lithosphere is less than 0.03–0.13—lower than laboratory values but consistent with seismic field studies. On Venus, the friction coefficient may be high as a result of the dry conditions, and brittle mobilization of the lithosphere would then be episodic and catastrophic.  相似文献   

绿辉石流变学研究的某些进展   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

韦必则 《地质科技情报》1997,16(3):21-26

简要概述了绿辉石的晶体结构、反相畴、显微构造及其变形机制等方面的研究现状与进展。结合大别山榴辉岩中的最新研究成果，着重讨论了其构造物理学研究意义，认为绿辉石晶体结构的有序化不仅是温度和化学成分的函数，而且是晶内应变程度的函数。  相似文献   

Rheological Regime of the Upper Mantle beneath the Taiwan Strait and Its Tectonic Significance1     

Jin Zhenmin  Jin Shuyan  H.W. Green  Ma Changling 《《地质学报》英文版》1995,8(3):259-271

Abstract This paper deals with deformation textures and fabrics of mantle-derived xenoliths and dislocation microstructures of olivine in the upper mantle in the Penghu Islands, Taiwan. According to the calculation of the chemical composition of xenolith minerals (pyroxene), the equilibrium temperatures and pressures were 986-1116°C and 1.50-2.60 GPa, respectively. Deformation events in the upper mantle may fall into three sequences: (1) uniform steady-state flow deformation with high temperatures and low stresses, (2) shear flow deformation with high temperatures and relatively high stresses on diapiric margins of the upper mantle, and (3) extraction deformation of {110} glide bands with low temperatures and high strain rates. Deformation events and thermal structure of the upper mantle in the study area show that eastern Fujian and the Penghu Islands are characterized by very similar rheological properties of the upper mantle. Volcanism of basalts in the Penghu Islands is related to hot spots of the upper mantle under neath the Taiwan Strait, and diapirism and upwelling of the upper mantle are the dominant factors responsible for rifting of the continental margins in eastern China.  相似文献   

The strength and rheology of commercial tungsten carbide cermets used in high-pressure apparatus     

Ivan C. Getting  Ganglin Chen  Jennifer A. Brown 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1993,141(2-4):545-577

Uniaxial compressive stress-strain curves have been measured on a suite of 26 commercial grades of tungsten carbide cermets and three maraging steels of interest for use in high-pressure apparatus. Tests were conducted on cylindrical specimens with a length to diameter ratio of two. Load was applied to the specimens by tungsten carbide anvils padded by extrudable lead disks. Interference fit binding rings of maraging steel were pressed on to the ends of the specimens to inhibit premature corner fractures. Bonded resistance strain gages were used to measure both axial and tangential strains. Deformation was exremely uniform in the central, gauged portion of the specimens. Tests were conducted at a constant engineering strain rate of 1×10^–5s^–1. The composition of the specimens was principally WC/Co with minor amounts of other carbides in some cases. The Co weight fraction ranged from 2 to 15%. Observed compressive strengths ranged from about 4 to just above 8 GPa. Axial strain amplitude at failure varied from 1.5% to 9%. Representative stress-strain curves and a ranking of the grades in terms of yield strength and strain at failure are presented. A power law strain hardening relation and the Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain equation were fit to the data. Fits were very good for both functions to axial strain amplitudes of about 2%. The failure of these established functions is accompanied by an abrupt change in the trend of volumetric strain consistent with the onset of substantial microcrack volume.  相似文献   

Factors controlling the lengths of channel-fed lava flows     

Harry Pinkerton  Lionel Wilson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1994,56(2):108-120

Factors which control lava flow length are still not fully understood. The assumption that flow length as mainly influenced by viscosity was contested by Walker (1973) who proposed that the length of a lava flow was dependent on the mean effusion rate, and by Malin (1980) who concluded that flow length was dependent on erupted volume. Our reanalysis of Malin's data shows that, if short duration and tube-fed flows are eliminated, Malin's Hawaiian flow data are consistent with Walker's assertion. However, the length of a flow can vary, for a given effusion rate, by a factor of 7, and by up to 10 for a given volume. Factors other than effusion rate and volume are therefore clearly important in controlling the lengths of lava flows. We establish the relative importance of the other factors by performing a multivariate analysis of data for recent Hawaiian lava flows. In addition to generating empirical equations relating flow length to other variables, we have developed a non-isothermal Bingham flow model. This computes the channel and levee width of a flow and hence permits the advance rates of flows and their maximum cooling-limited lengths for different gradients and effusion rates to be calculated. Changing rheological properties are taken into account using the ratio of yield strength to viscosity; available field measurements show that this varies systematically from the vent to the front of a lava flow. The model gives reasonable agreement with data from the 1983–1986 Pu'u Oo eruptions and the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa. The method has also been applied to andesitic and rhyolitic lava flows. It predicts that, while the more silicic lava flows advance at generally slower rates than basaltic flows, their maximum flow lengths, for a given effusion rate, will be greater than for basaltic lava flows.  相似文献   

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (Ⅱ):Strain field and its applications     

宋治平  尹祥础  梅世蓉 《地震学报(英文版)》2004,17(2)

On the basis of the three-dimensional elastic inclusion model, the analytic expression of viscoelastic strain field is derived, i.e., the analytic expression of viscoelastic strain at an arbitrary point (x, y, z) in x-axis, y-axis and z-axis produced by three-dimension inclusion in the semi-infinite rheologic medium defined by the standard linear rheologic model, namely the normal strains εxx(r, t), εyy(r, t) and εzz(r, t), the shear strains εxy(r, t) and εyx(r, t), εyz(r, t)and εzy(r, t), εxz(r, t) and εzx(r, t), and the bulk-strain θ (r, t). By computing the spatial-temporal variation of bulk strain on the ground produced by a spherical rheologic inclusion in a semi-infinite rheologic medium, we obtained some significant results that the bulk-strain variation with time produced by a hard inclusion has three stages (α, β,γ) with different characteristics, which are similar to those of most geodetic deformation curves, but not the case for those by a soft inclusion. It is meaningful that these theoretical results have been applied to explain preliminarily the characteristics of stage variation of spatial-temporal evolution, the pattern and quadrant distribution of earthquake precursors, the changeability, spontaneity and complexity of short-term and imminent-term precursors. It offers a theoretical base to found the physical model of earthquake precursors and a reference to predict physically the earthquakes.  相似文献   

由甘肃宕昌好梯幔源包体推导的上地幔物质组成、热结构和流变学特征   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

史兰斌  林传勇  陈孝德 《地震地质》2003,25(4):525-542

新生代火山岩中的幔源包体可以提供有关上地幔的直接信息。通过对采自甘肃宕昌县好梯乡的幔源橄榄岩包体的详细研究 ,探讨该地区上地幔的热结构和流变学特征 ,并与华北地区进行对比。研究结果表明 ,该区自壳幔边界以下至 75km深处的上地幔主要由尖晶石二辉橄榄岩组成 ,75km以下则主要由石榴石二辉橄榄岩组成 ,方辉橄榄岩只占少数 ;与华北地区没有明显的差异。由包体平衡温度、压力建立的上地幔地温线低于华北地区地温线 ;确定的壳幔边界在 5 2km左右 ,莫霍界面附近为下地壳物质与尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的过渡带 ;岩石圈底界深度约为 12 0km左右。根据包体的研究结果建立了研究区上地幔的差异应力、应变速率和等效黏滞度剖面。结果表明 ,该区新生代时期存在软流层的底辟 ,以及相应的岩石圈的减薄 ,但其规模明显小于华北地区。这些结果表明该区处在中国东部大陆裂谷带和中国中部克拉通块体群的过渡带  相似文献   

地壳介质的流变性与孕震模型   总被引：17，自引：1，他引：17       下载免费PDF全文

张国民  李丽 《地震地质》2003,25(1):1-10

在分析归纳中国大陆地区地震震源深度分布特征的基础上 ,着重分析了地壳介质的物理性质 ,特别是地壳介质的流变特征 ,进而探讨了震源深度分布的物理解释和孕震环境。文中应用中国陆区地热研究中的有关成果 ,推导了中国东、西部地区壳内脆韧性转换带的深度 ,给出东部地区壳内脆韧性转换带深度为 2 0～ 2 5km ,西部地区为 35～ 4 5km ,这一结果显示出壳内脆韧性转换带与我国东、西部震源深度的下界面基本一致 ,且中国大陆地震的深度大体上终止于壳内脆韧性转换带。从而表明 ,壳内脆韧性转换带有可能是控制大陆地震震源深度分布的主要原因。在这些研究的基础上 ,建立了大陆强震的震源模型 ,讨论了大陆地震的孕震过程和有关机理问题  相似文献   

Numerical modeling of strike-slip creeping faults and implications for the Hayward fault, California   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. Malservisi  C. Gans  K. P. Furlong 《Tectonophysics》2003,361(1-2):121-137

The seismic potential of creeping faults such as the Hayward fault (San Francisco Bay Area, CA) depends on the rate at which moment (slip deficit) accumulates on the fault plane. Thus, it is important to evaluate how the creep rate observed at the surface is related to the slip on the fault plane. The surface creep rate (SCR) depends on the geometry of locked and free portions of the fault and on the interaction between the fault zone and the surrounding lithosphere. Using a viscoelastic finite element model, we investigate how fault zone geometries and physical characteristics such as frictionless or locked patches affect the observed surface creep when the system is driven by far field plate motions. These results have been applied to creep observations of the Hayward fault. This analysis differs from most previous fault creeping models in that the fault in our model is loaded by a distributed viscous flow induced by far field velocity boundary conditions instead of imposed slip beneath the major faults of the region. The far field velocity boundary conditions simulate the relative motion of the stable Pacific plate respect to the Rigid Sierra Nevada block, leaving the rheology, fault geometry, and mechanics (locked or free to creep patches), to determinate the patterns of fault creep.Our model results show that the fault geometry (e.g. length and depth of creeping) and the local rheology influence the surface creep rate (SCR) and the slip on the fault plane. In particular, we show that the viscoelastic layer beneath the elastic seismogenic zone plays a fundamental role in loading the fault. Additionally, the coupling with the surrounding lithosphere results in a smooth transition from regions free to creep to locked patches.  相似文献   

Characterizing the rheology of laterite slurries     

Brian C. Blakey  David F. James   《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2003,70(1-4):23-39

The viscous behaviour of laterite slurries was characterized by measurements of shear stress at constant and changing shear rates. Steady state stresses were obtained after accounting for the settling solids: the values show that the fluids possess viscosities of order 100 mPa s and are moderately shear-thinning, for solid volume fractions from 0.06 to 0.18 and for shear rates between 10 and 1000 s⁻¹. Transient stress measurements were made for steps down in shear rate and for ramps down and up in shear rate. It was found that the Bingham–Maxwell model provides good fits to the transient data, both at low concentrations, where yield behaviour is dominant, and at high concentrations, where elasticity is dominant. For volume fractions of 0.10 or greater, relaxation times were found from step tests to be of order 10 s, but relaxation times found from the ramp tests were generally several times higher.  相似文献