Triangulation hand‐held laser‐scanning (TriHaLaS) for micro‐ and meso‐habitat surveys in streams          下载免费PDF全文

Christian Noss  Jeremy Wilkinson  Andreas Lorke 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(6):1241-1251

A novel hand‐held laser‐based stream bed survey system is presented. The system facilitates the capture of detailed 3D mapping of shallow (< 0.7 m) riverbed topography in sections approximately 4 m by 2 m. The system includes a stationary reference system, which projects three laser sheets (two at offset angles), within which a hand‐held monitoring pole is moved. The unique configuration of the light sheets intercepts with the pole as it moves within the survey area providing an exact horizontal location. Pole tilt is compensated for by an inertial measurement unit on the pole, and the height above the bed of the pole and submerged scanning laser are monitored relative to the horizontal laser sheet. Verification and application measurements demonstrate high resolution and accuracy in the horizontal (~5 mm) and vertical (~1 mm) direction. The system can be applied at sites where a free view is blocked and other optical through‐water methods fail. It is appropriate for studies on riverbed statistics and dynamics, which necessitate non‐invasive in‐situ surveys. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

浮式两级缓冲防撞系统及浮体结构构型研究     

陆凯  陈徐均  程良玉  沈海鹏  吴广怀 《海洋工程》2021,39(3):51-59

以浮式两级缓冲防撞系统为研究对象,介绍其工作原理,利用动力学分析软件LS-DYNA构建了碰撞模型并进行了仿真计算,依据仿真结果完成了以阻尼索组与浮体结构构型为主要内容的防撞系统设计。研究确定了阻尼索组的布置位置、材料及数量,为浮体内部结构构型设计了7种比选方案,分别对5 000 t船舶撞击浮体前梁和侧梁的动态过程进行了仿真分析,对比了不同方案及不同板梁厚度下的接触力。研究结果表明:浮体内部构造若选用板梁厚度12 mm的方案6设计,则碰撞发生时浮体前梁和侧梁分别可以稳定地提供10.4 MN和7.9 MN的均值力,以及11.5 MN和8.9 MN的峰值力,设计浮体能够满足整体刚度要求,防撞系统符合双保护原则。防撞系统及浮体结构构型设计为下一步全面开展船舶撞击防撞系统后的动力学响应分析奠定了基础。  相似文献   

Groundwater flow path determination during riverbank filtration affected by groundwater exploitation: a case study of Liao River,Northeast China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xiaosi Su  Shuai Lu  Ruimin Gao  Dong Su  Wenzhen Yuan  Zhenxue Dai 《水文科学杂志》2017,62(14):2331-2347

The groundwater flow path plays an important role in maintaining hydrological and ecological quality and security, which are important in the comprehensive management and use of both groundwater and surface water. In this study, an integrated multi-tracer-constrained framework was used to determine the groundwater flow path. The results show that there are shallow and deep flow paths in riverbank filtration, controlled by the different permeabilities of riverbed sediments and aquifers at different depths. The contribution of river water to shallow groundwater is less than that to deep groundwater because of the low permeability of the riverbed sediment in the dense muddy layer in the shallow slope of the river valley. This contribution decreases with increasing distance from the Liao River. The shallow groundwater quality is better than the deep groundwater quality because of its longer residence time.  相似文献   

Biomorphological scaling laws from convectively accelerated streams     

Giulio Calvani  Paolo Perona  Coralie Schick  Luca Solari 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(3):723-735

Worldwide convectively accelerated streams flowing in downstream-narrowing river sections show that riverbed vegetation growing on alluvial sediment bars gradually disappears, forming a front beyond which vegetation is absent. We revise a recently proposed analytical model able to predict the expected longitudinal position of the vegetation front. The model was developed considering the steady state approximation of 1-D ecomorphodynamics equations. While the model was tested against flume experiments, its extension and application to the field is not trivial as it requires the definition of proper scaling laws governing the observed phenomenon. In this work, we present a procedure to calculate vegetation parameters and flow magnitude governing the equilibrium at the reach scale between hydromorphological and biological components in rivers with converging boundaries. We collected from worldwide rivers data of section topography, hydrogeomorphological and riparian vegetation characteristics to perform a statistical analysis aimed to validate the proposed procedure. Results are presented in the form of scaling laws correlating biological parameters of growth and decay from different vegetation species to flood return period and duration, respectively. Such relationships demonstrate the existence of underlying selective processes determining the riparian vegetation both in terms of species and cover. We interpret the selection of vegetation species from ecomorphodynamic processes occurring in convectively accelerated streams as the orchestrated dynamic action of flow, sediment and vegetation characteristics. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于流场强度评价的点坝砂体特高含水期水平井挖潜技术     

郭奇  李祯  李平 《现代地质》2021,35(2):396-402

针对高含水期油藏点坝砂体剩余油挖潜困难等问题,通过室内实验明确中高渗储层高倍水驱物性变化规律,确定时变数值模拟方法,基于渗流场强度的评价将油藏划分为三类渗流特征分区,通过点坝砂体内部构型的建模方法确定特高含水期水平井的部署位置.研究表明:基于流场强度分布的水平井部署方法能够突出反映高含水期点坝砂体内部流体流动的非均质性...  相似文献   

三门峡水库冲淤重心变化及其对潼关高程的影响     

何娟  郑珊  吴保生 《湖泊科学》2023,35(1):338-348

以往关于三门峡水库的研究多关注库区年际间的冲淤变化,而对汛期和非汛期库区冲淤分布研究较少。本文基于三门峡水库蓄清排浑运用以来1974 2018年实测水沙、断面及冲淤数据,研究汛期和非汛期库区冲淤重心的迁移、冲淤速率及其对潼关高程的影响。结果表明,蓄清排浑运用以来库区河道基本遵循汛期冲刷、非汛期淤积的演变规律。分别定义汛期最大冲刷速率和非汛期最大淤积速率发生的相邻两断面间的子河段为冲刷重心和淤积重心,汛期冲刷重心与非汛期淤积重心出现的位置基本对应,1974 2010年冲淤重心由距坝约90 km逐渐向坝前移动,平均下移速率约1～2km/a;2010年后冲淤重心逐渐上移,2017年位于坝上游约60～70 km,但冲淤强度明显减弱。淤积重心的位置主要受水库回水长度影响,冲刷重心主要与汛期水流能量相关,淤积重心位置迁移滞后于影响因子的变化约5年,而冲刷重心滞后时间约2年。潼关高程与潼关至太安段（潼太段）比降呈反比关系,比降越大,潼关高程越低,而当冲刷重心迁移至潼太段并影响其下段时,潼太段比降增大,利于潼关高程降低。1985年后回水范围和冲淤重心均位于潼关以下,潼关高程受冲淤重心影响较小。  相似文献   

河流过程的累积现象和随机模型     

景唤  钟德钰  张红武  石旭芳  王彦君 《地理学报》2020,75(5):1079-1094

累积现象普遍存在于河流过程中,准确考虑前期水沙条件的累积影响对冲积河流河床演变规律的研究至关重要。为揭示累积现象的物理实质,本文对国内外多条典型冲积河流上枢纽修建后其上下游河道冲淤实测资料进行了分析。定义水沙条件变化为外部扰动,并假定其发生概率符合泊松分布及单个扰动引发的系统反馈强度随时间呈指数衰减。本文运用统计力学中的随机理论给出了冲积河流外部扰动诱发的内部反馈随时间的累积过程及其时空间演进的数学描述和理论模型,并将其应用于枢纽修建后其上下游河道形态时空调整过程的模拟。结果发现,从时间上看,断面垂向、横向及全河段的冲淤调整速率早期较快,之后迅速减缓,河床累积冲刷深度、河宽及河段累积淤积量随时间不断增大直至平衡,表现出典型的累积特性;从空间上看,坝下河段冲刷强度沿程非线性衰减直至消失,这种空间分布上的不平衡是外部扰动引发的系统反馈在空间传播的同时随时间衰减的综合结果,是河流过程累积特性的另一外在表现。模型应用结果表明,河道垂向、横向、纵向及全河段的时空冲淤调整过程均可用归一化公式来描述,计算值与实测值符合较好,相关系数R ²达0.92、0.93、0.76和0.95。本文模型同时考虑了河流过程的累积特性和系统反馈的空间传播特性,可为定量描述扰动后非平衡态河道的时空调整过程提供理论依据和新的计算方法。  相似文献   

黄河流域硅酸盐风化的讨论   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

张龙军  温志超 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2009,39(5)

根据2007年6月和7月采集的黄河干流及部分支流水样和河床砂样品数据,对黄河流域硅酸盐化学风化进行了探讨。在充分评估黄河流域的K+,Na+来源的基础上,确定了硅酸盐风化的K+量,并通过选定的硅酸盐风化(K/Na)比值,得到了硅酸盐风化的Na+量;通过测定流域内不同岩石类型分布的河床砂样品,得到河床砂样品硅酸盐部分(Ca/Na)和(Mg/K)的比值,确定了钙镁硅酸盐风化的Ca2+,Mg2+量;并据此估算了流域硅酸盐化学风化的CO2消耗率。如果选用黄河入海多年径流量58.02×109km3/a进行计算,则得到全流域硅酸盐风化CO2消耗率约为26.22×103mol/km2/a。若选用2007年的平均径流量24.83×109km3/a进行计算,则黄河流域硅酸盐风化引起的CO2消耗率约为11.19×103mol/km2/a。  相似文献   

海峡西岸城市群旅游经济网络演化的动力机制与因果组合配置     

宋学通  李勇泉  阮文奇 《世界地理研究》2022,31(6):1321-1331

以海峡西岸城市群为例,通过修正引力模型构建旅游经济网络,依托“增长极”理论,运用QAP和地理探测器分析方法,探讨旅游经济网络驱动因素,并运用fsQCA方法探讨其因果组合配置策略。结果如下：(1)海峡西岸城市群旅游经济网络空间结构呈东部沿海地区网络相对密集、中西部网络稀疏特征。(2)地区经济水平、对外开放程度是其核心驱动因素;各影响因子对促进旅游经济空间发展的影响强度均较高。(3)地理探测器分析结果显示,各影响因素在旅游经济网络系统中处相对优势地位,旅游经济空间发展核心驱动因素明显,其中,以地区GDP、对外开放程度最为突出,这也体现为旅游需求不断提升以及旅游供给向高质量方向发展的趋势。研究最终识别出两种因果组合配置方案。本研究有助于实现区域旅游经济空间发展优化及管理。  相似文献   

基于Oracle 9i和ArcSDE的城市基础地理数据库配置研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

翁和霞 《测绘与空间地理信息》2007,30(6):68-70

在城市地理信息系统中,数据库是其核心组成部分,而数据库的配置是否合理则又直接影响到数据库建成后的性能及应用。本文以赣州市基础地理数据库为例探讨基于Oracle 9i和ArcSDE的城市基础地理数据库配置问题。  相似文献