Interannual variation of evapotranspiration in an eastern Siberian larch forest     

Bao‐Lin Xue  Hikaru Komatsu  Ayumi Kotani  Kyoichi Otsuki  Takeshi Ohta 《水文研究》2012,26(15):2360-2368

In a deciduous larch forest in eastern Siberia, the mean and standard deviation of the total evapotranspiration (E) during May to September (day of year (DOY) = 121–274) for 2003–2006 were 181.5 and 26.4 mm, respectively. The interannual variation (IAV) in the total E was caused by the IAV in E for the canopy‐foliated period (DOY = 164–253), not by the IAV in the dates of leaf expansion and leaf fall. For the years with higher total E, E in the canopy‐foliated period was consistently higher, which corresponded to the higher soil water content in these years. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Prediction of temperature variation within a snowpack in open areas and under different canopy covers     

Abdüsselam Altunkaynak  Abdurrahim Aydın 《水文研究》2012,26(26):4015-4028

Snow temperature is a major component of many physical processes in a snowpack. The temperature and the change in temperature across a layer have a dominant effect on physical properties of snow grains as well as its hardness, strength, and failure resistance. In this study, temperature and snow cover thickness were measured during the snow season of 2007–2008 in 11 elevation classes and in three different sampling locations, one in an open area and two under different forest canopy covers for each class along Kartalkaya road, Bolu. Each sampling site was visited 44 times to collect data including snow depth, snow surface temperature, ground temperature, and temperature within snowpack at 20‐cm intervals. Seven different models are developed to determine snowpack temperature variations under forest canopy covers and in an open area with different leaf area index values. All models were performed using a multilayer perceptron (MP) method for the Bolu–Kartalkaya area, Turkey. MP approach constitutes a standard form of neural network modeling and can modify two‐layer linear perceptron methods using three and more layers. The ability of MP is to handle complex nonlinear interactions, which ease the natural process of modeling. This method can overcome complex computations using neuron networks, and they can easily nonlinearly link input and output variables. The predictive errors are determined on the basis of mean absolute error and mean square error criteria. The Nash–Sutcliffe sufficiency score showing compliance between observed and predicted values is also calculated. According to the mean absolute error, the mean square error, and the Nash–Sutcliffe sufficiency score criteria, the predictive errors are within reasonable error intervals, justifying the use of the developed MP models for engineering applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Are measurements from excised leaves suitable for modeling diurnal patterns of gas exchange of intact leaves?     

Yoshiyuki Miyazawa  Makiko Tateishi  Hikaru Komatsu  Tomo'omi Kumagai  Kyoichi Otsuki 《水文研究》2011,25(18):2924-2930

To examine the feasibility of using ecophysiological data from excised leaves for a meteorological simulation model of gas exchange, we compared the obtained gas exchange rates and the modelled ones using excised leaves and those using intact leaves. Instantaneous gas exchange rates of excised leaves and stomatal control in response to environmental conditions were not significantly different from those of attached leaves. Modelled gas exchange rates based on excised leaf data showed a good fit to the diurnal patterns of in situ measurements. This suggests that use of excised leaf data to predict gas exchange of intact leaves is permissible as long as the effects of excision are pre‐screened as described in this paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Quercus yangyiensis sp.nov.from the Late Pliocene of Baoshan,Yunnan and Its Paleoclimatic Significance     

HE Yuli  LI N  WANG Zixi  WANG Haofei  YANG Guolin  XIAO Liang  WU Jingyu  SUN Bainian 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(3):738-747

A new Quercus （Fagaceae） morphospecies is described based on well-preserved fossil leaves.The fossils were collected from Yangyi Formation of the Upper Pliocene at the Yangyi coalmine,Baoshan,western Yunnan,China.Details of the microstructure of mesophyll tissue are preserved because lithification of the fossils was not complete.The fossil laminas possess typical characteristics of Quercus sect.Heterobalanus：quite thick and coriaceous cuticle; secondary veins bifurcating near the margin in the middle and top of the leaf; and upper epidermis with adaxial hypodermis.Based on a detailed morphological and anatomical comparison with all living and fossil species of Quercus sect.Heterobalanus,the fossil leaves prove to be different in their sparse and garland-shaped multicellular trichomes on the lower epidermis,and so it is described as a new species Quercus yangyiensis He,Li et Sun sp.nov.The much sparser trichomes of our fossils compare well with those of living Quercus sect.Heterobalanus and indicate a more humid climate during the deposition of the Yangyi Formation in the Late Pliocene.  相似文献   

基于经验法则的水稻细菌性条斑病气候年型分析     

陈冰  林汉龙  宋祖钦  陈观浩  何泽华  王春霞 《气象研究与应用》2020,(1):26-30

利用广东省化州市1989-2016年晚稻细菌性条斑病资料和同期气象资料,采用合成分析和秩相关分析,筛选出影响细菌性条斑病发生的关键气象因子;基于经验法则,利用水稻细菌性条斑病发生阶段的温度、降水距平,判别细菌性条斑病发病程度,并确定了细菌性条斑病发生流行的气候年型与预测指标。经历史回代,判别细菌性条斑病发病程度符合率为82.1%,并进行了2017-2019年的外延指标判别,符合率达100%,综合判别符合率在83%以上。  相似文献   

A semi‐theoretical model of canopy rainfall interception for a broad‐leaved tree     

Anzhi Wang  Yiwei Diao  Tiefan Pei  Changjie Jin  Jiaojun Zhu 《水文研究》2007,21(18):2458-2463

Through a series of simulation experiments in the laboratory on the broad‐leaved tree Acer mono Maxim, we obtain interception datasets of individual events under different rainfall intensities and leaf area indexes (LAIs). Based on the data, the relationship between rainfall intensity and maximum interception of per unit LAI is quantified. The variation of interception with canopy wetness index is also identified. Hence, an interception model, in which interception is calculated using rainfall intensity and LAI, is constructed with consideration of canopy wetness. Finally, according to the validation experiments, it is concluded that the precision of the model is 92·7%. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

春秋季节侧柏-山毛桃群落演替初期的小气候特征     

杨喜田  张盼盼  耿建伟  崔秋芳 《河南气象》2014,(2):23-28

开展森林小气候研究,对于协调生物与环境的关系、保护生物多样性以及实现森林的可持续高效管理,都是十分重要的。选择5月和10月典型的晴朗无风天气条件,以侧柏纯林为对照,研究了郁闭度为0.25、0.54和0.87的侧柏-山毛桃群落演替初期小气候特征。结果表明,侧柏-山毛桃混交林对春季和秋季林内空气温度的早间增温效应和午间降温效应,随着郁闭度增加而增大。春季的高温峰值出现在15时,晚于秋季的高温峰值13时。春季和秋季林内10 cm处地温日间呈持续增加趋势,春季以郁闭度为0.25的B点为最高,秋季侧柏纯林在12时前为最低,14时后为最高。春季林内空气相对湿度从07时到11时呈快速降低的趋势,然后逐渐缓慢回升;而秋季林内的相对湿度,随着郁闭度的增加而增大,但日间变化幅度比较小。无论春季还是秋季,侧柏和山毛桃的叶片温度日间变化均呈先升高后缓慢降低的趋势。春季郁闭度对侧柏和山毛桃的叶片温度影响不显著,但秋季11-15时,随着郁闭度的增加,叶片温度有降低的趋势。在太行山区,以山毛桃为保护树种,快速提高侧柏-山毛桃混交林的郁闭度,对有效地改善林内小气候,促进森林更新和管理都是十分重要的。  相似文献   

叶面积指数遥感尺度效应与尺度纠正     

刘良云 《遥感学报》2014,18(6):1158-1168

由于地表空间异质性的普遍存在,遥感反演模型的非线性必然会导致不同分辨率观测的遥感结果不一致,从而产生遥感产品尺度效应。本文研究了遥感产品尺度效应概念、模拟方法和定量计算模型,并利用锡林浩特草原研究区的实测数据,对尺度效应模型和方法进行了定量计算与验证分析。首先,基于不同升尺度方法与多尺度遥感成像机理之间的机理联系,通过“先反演再平均”与“先平均再反演”之间的差异,可计算“高”分辨率与“低”分辨率之间的遥感产品尺度差异。其次,分别以红光、近红外两波段反射率和归一化植被指数(NDVI)为自变量,对叶面积指数(LAI)非线性遥感模型进行泰勒展开,研究了模型非线性、遥感数据空间异质性对LAI遥感产品尺度差异的影响,发现高阶项可忽略,利用二阶导数项和遥感数据方差项可定量计算遥感产品尺度差异,经过二阶导数项纠正后的尺度差异相对偏差从5.6%分别降低到0.78%和1.45%。最后,分析了LAI遥感产品尺度效应的特征规律,得出以下结论:随着植被覆盖的增大,同等遥感空间异质性的LAI遥感产品尺度差异越大,且红光波段比近红外波段的尺度差异敏感性高近2个数量级;对于绝大部分陆地植被区域,存在“低分辨率低估”尺度效应,且遥感产品尺度差异的主导要素为LAI模型非线性,NDVI变量自身非线性对尺度效应贡献占23.5%;对于湿地类植被与水体混合情形,NDVI变量非线性的贡献为主导贡献,出现“低分辨率高估”尺度效应,必须利用红光、近红外两波段的二阶导数项非线性尺度差异,才能解释这一类型的LAI遥感产品尺度效应。本文建立了具有一定普适意义的遥感产品尺度效应定量模拟与尺度纠正方法,对推动定量遥感的尺度问题研究有一定参考价值。  相似文献   

Deriving leaf mass per area (LMA) from foliar reflectance across a variety of plant species using continuous wavelet analysis     

《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2014

Leaf mass per area (LMA), the ratio of leaf dry mass to leaf area, is a trait of central importance to the understanding of plant light capture and carbon gain. It can be estimated from leaf reflectance spectroscopy in the infrared region, by making use of information about the absorption features of dry matter. This study reports on the application of continuous wavelet analysis (CWA) to the estimation of LMA across a wide range of plant species. We compiled a large database of leaf reflectance spectra acquired within the framework of three independent measurement campaigns (ANGERS, LOPEX and PANAMA) and generated a simulated database using the PROSPECT leaf optical properties model. CWA was applied to the measured and simulated databases to extract wavelet features that correlate with LMA. These features were assessed in terms of predictive capability and robustness while transferring predictive models from the simulated database to the measured database. The assessment was also conducted with two existing spectral indices, namely the Normalized Dry Matter Index (NDMI) and the Normalized Difference index for LMA (ND_LMA).Five common wavelet features were determined from the two databases, which showed significant correlations with LMA (R²: 0.51–0.82, p < 0.0001). The best robustness (R² = 0.74, RMSE = 18.97 g/m² and Bias = 0.12 g/m²) was obtained using a combination of two low-scale features (1639 nm, scale 4) and (2133 nm, scale 5), the first being predominantly important. The transferability of the wavelet-based predictive model to the whole measured database was either better than or comparable to those based on spectral indices. Additionally, only the wavelet-based model showed consistent predictive capabilities among the three measured data sets. In comparison, the models based on spectral indices were sensitive to site-specific data sets. Integrating the ND_LMA spectral index and the two robust wavelet features improved the LMA prediction. One of the bands used by this spectral index, 1368 nm, was located in a strong atmospheric water absorption region and replacing it with the next available band (1340 nm) led to lower predictive accuracies. However, the two wavelet features were not affected by data quality in the atmospheric absorption regions and therefore showed potential for canopy-level investigations. The wavelet approach provides a different perspective into spectral responses to LMA variation than the traditional spectral indices and holds greater promise for implementation with airborne or spaceborne imaging spectroscopy data for mapping canopy foliar dry biomass.  相似文献   

基于被动微波遥感技术的玉米冠层叶面积指数反演     

马红章  刘素美  朱晓波  孙根云  孙林  柳钦火 《国土资源遥感》2013,25(3)

基于玉米冠层结构参数实测数据和Matrix-Doubling(MD)模型构建了玉米出苗期至抽穗期的冠层多波段、双极化微波辐射特性模拟数据库;通过对模拟数据的回归分析得到了玉米冠层在各波段的微波发射率及其与透过率之间的经验关系,并将经验关系应用于0阶微波辐射传输模型;结合土壤发射率模型构建了玉米冠层覆盖地表的微波辐射亮温参数化计算模型,并基于该参数化模型、利用玉米样地微波亮温观测试验数据,采用迭代方法进行了玉米叶面积指数(LAI)的反演.研究表明,LAI反演值与实测值的相关系数r＞0.9,说明多波段被动微波遥感数据在植被冠层LAI反演方面具有较大的应用潜力.  相似文献