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81.
Marco Petitta Gabriele Scarascia Mugnozza Maurizio Barbieri Gianluca Bianchi Fasani Carlo Esposito 《水文研究》2010,24(24):3510-3520
This study addresses the influence of landslide dams on surface water drainage and groundwater flow. In the study area of Scanno Lake and Sagittario River (Central Italy), a limestone rockslide‐avalanche formed a lake, which has an outlet that is occasionally active, showing infiltration into the rockslide dam. Several springs are present at the lake's base and are partly fed by seepage through the rockslide debris. Piezometric surveys, discharge measurements, pumping tests and chemical analyses are tools used to build a conceptual model of the groundwater flow and to evaluate the flow through the rockslide debris. Seasonal water isotopic signatures validate the assumed model, showing a mixing of infiltration recharge and groundwater seepage throughout the rockslide debris. Various recharge areas have been found for springs, pointing out those directly fed by the rockslide debris aquifer. Hypotheses about seasonal groundwater mixing between the regional carbonate aquifer and the rockslide debris aquifer are supported by isotope results. Seasonal changes in groundwater table level due to recharge and surface losses from seasonal outlet have been correlated with isotopic groundwater composition from the rockslide debris aquifer and the downstream springs; this relationship highlights the role of the rockslide dam body on the hydrodynamics of the studied area. Relationships between surface waters and groundwater in the area have been completely understood on the basis of water isotopic fingerprinting, finally obtaining a complete evaluation of groundwater renewable resources and its regimen. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
82.
R. Grimshaw 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(2):131-148
Nonlinear internal gravity waves in a slightly dissipative, slightly compressible fluid are discussed for the case when the properties of the medium vary slowly on a scale determined by the local wave structure. A two‐timing technique is used to obtain transport equations which describe the changes in amplitude, phase and mean flow of a wave packet. Various solutions of these transport equations are discussed, with relevance to critical layer absorption. 相似文献
83.
Seasonal hydrological forecasts, or outlooks, can potentially provide water managers with estimates of river flows and water resources for a lead time of several months ahead. An experimental modelling tool for national hydrological outlooks has been developed which combines a hydrological model estimate of sub‐surface water storage across Britain with a range of seasonal rainfall forecasts to provide estimates of area‐wide hydrological conditions up to a few months ahead. The link is made between a deficit in sub‐surface water storage and a requirement for additional rainfall over subsequent months to enable sub‐surface water storage and river flow to return to mean monthly values. The new scheme is assessed over a recent period which includes the termination of the drought that affected much of Britain in the first few months of 2012. An illustration is provided of its use to obtain return‐period estimates of the ‘rainfall required’ to ease drought conditions; these are well in excess of 200 years for several regions of the country, for termination within a month of 1 April 2012, and still exceed 40 years for termination within three months. National maps of sub‐surface water storage anomaly show for the first time the current spatial variability of drought severity. They can also be used to provide an indication of how a drought situation might develop in the next few months given a range of possible future rainfall scenarios. © 2013 CEH/Crown and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
84.
U. von Grafenstein H. Erlenkeuser A. Kleinmann J. Müller P. Trimborn 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1994,11(3):349-357
High-resolution oxygen-isotope records of benthic ostracods and molluscs from Ammersee, southern Germany, show high-frequency climatic changes during the last deglaciation and parallel in great detail published faunal and floral variations reconstructed from Norwegian Sea sediments and isotope variations in Greenland ice cores. The marine and the terrestrial records give evidence of a synchronous late glacial climatic development in Greenland, NW- and Mid-Europe. However,14C-ages of the supraregional climatic events and of two tephra layers in the marine sediments of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean are significantly older than the14C-ages of the corresponding horizons on land. These differences strongly suggest that major short-term events have affected the exchangeable carbon on earth during the dramatic environmental changes related to the deglaciation and in particular have affected the CO2-distribution within the ocean and between ocean and atmosphere. Dating methods independent of climatic variations and of the global carbon budget should be given priority to refine the timescales of the marine and atmospheric processes during the last deglaciation.This is the fourth paper in a series of papers published in this issue on high-resolution paleolimnology. These papers were presented at the Sixth International Palaeolimnology Symposium held 19–21 April, 1993 at the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Dr. A. F. Lotter and Dr. M. Sturm served as guest editors for these papers. 相似文献
85.
西北地区太阳辐射量变化的研究 总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14
根据西北地区15个日射甲种站观测的近30年来到达地面的太阳辐射量观测资料,经方差分析表明:太阳散射辐射量有2/5的地区在增加,2/5的地区在减少,还有1/5的地区太阳散射、直接辐射量在时间变化上差异都不明显;太阳直接辐射量有4/5的地区在显著减减少;太阳总辐射量几乎各地都在减少,这种减少趋势大致从1978年开始,并且用太阳辐射倾向率的形式概括出3种太阳辐射量季节变化类型。 相似文献
86.
利用欧洲中心全球客观分析的7层月平均位势高度距平资料,分别计算了相同格点上12-2月和6-8月各层高度距平之间的同时相关分布。结果表明:全球月平均位势高度距平场的正压、斜压性随地理区域变化很大,并有较明显的季节变化。其中12-2月对流层下部大气环流距平场在海洋上空有较好的相当正压性,在大陆上空正压性较差;对流层上部大气环流异常的正、斜压性分布与下部不同,赤道附近地区是相关系数的高值区,副热带地区主要是低值区;在对流层下部与上部大气环流距平场的相关系数分布图上,海洋上空并不总是高值区,在热带东太平洋区域就出现最强的负相关中心。与6-8月的相关系数分布型比较发现:特别明显的季节变化在非洲大陆和热带印度洋区域,12-2月为强正压区,6-8月为强斜压区。 相似文献
87.
88.
89.
本文是用简单海一气耦合模型模拟温盐环流在全球增暖事件中作用的研究工作的第一部分。为了建立一个简单海一气耦合模型,我们首先根据Wright和Stoker等人的设计复制出一个包括大西洋、太平洋和南大洋在内的二维温盐环流模式,从等温、等盐和无运动的初始状态出发,在给定的年平均海表强迫下将模式积分了4000年,模拟出了和原作相似的温盐环流。对模拟结果的分析表明,相对于北太平洋而言,北大西洋北部的高盐、低温特点(后者是由两大洋在地理上的差别决定的)是形成当代温盐环流的主要原因;从与温盐环流相联系的海表热通量来看,北大西洋北部是向大气提供热量的主要源地;模式温盐环流对于海表盐度通量的敏感性试验的结果表明,对于纬圈平均的二维模式而言,要想模拟出合理的温盐环流就必须人为地提高北大西洋北部的海表盐度,文章分析了这种作法的物理根据;模式中的对流过程对于温盐环流的维持是至关重要的,对比有无季节循环的试验结果可以看出,虽然温度场的明显的季节变化只出现在模式的最上面两层,但由于引进季节循环后冬季高纬海洋的对流活动加强,后者直接影响到温盐环流,使更多的深海热量上传并向大气释放。这是使海洋温跃层得以保持合理.厚度的一个重要原因。 相似文献
90.
The global distribution of methane in the troposphere 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
L. P. Steele P. J. Fraser R. A. Rasmussen M. A. K. Khalil T. J. Conway A. J. Crawford R. H. Gammon K. A. Masarie K. W. Thoning 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1987,5(2):125-171
Methane has been measured in air samples collected at approximately weekly intervals at 23 globally distributed sites in the NOAA/GMCC cooperative flask sampling network. Sites range in latitude from 90° S to 76° N, and at most of these we report 2 years of data beginning in early 1983. All measurements have been made by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector at the NOAA/GMCC laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. All air samples have been referenced to a single secondary standard of methane-in-air, ensuring a high degree of internal consistency in the data. The precision of measurements is estimated from replicate determinations on each sample as 0.2%. The latitudinal distribution of methane and the seasonal variation of this distribution in the marine boundary layer has been defined in great detail, including a remarkable uniformity in background levels of methane in the Southern Hemisphere. We report for the first time the observation of a complete seasonal cycle of methane at the South Pole. A significant vertical gradient is observed between a sea level and a high altitude site in Hawaii. Globally averaged background concentrations in the marine boundary layer have been calculated for the 2 year-period May 1983–April 1985 inclusive, from which we find an average increase of 12.8 ppb per year, or 0.78% per year when referenced to the globally averaged concentration (1625 ppb) at the mid-point of this period. We present evidence that there has been a slowing down in the methane growth rate.Presented at the Conference on the Scientific Application of Baseline Observations of Atmospheric Composition (SABOAC), Aspendale, Australia, 7–9 November 1984. 相似文献