Cap setting and allowance allocation in China's emissions trading pilot programmes: special issues and innovative solutions     

Tao Pang 《Climate Policy》2016,16(7):815-835

Seven emissions trading scheme (ETS) pilots have been established in China. They have introduced some unique methods to set emissions caps and allocate allowances, different from textbook models and their counterparts in the EU, California, and many other regions. This article provides a detailed introduction to the methods for cap setting and allowance allocation adopted by the pilots, and presents detailed comparisons of these methods. In terms of cap setting, the pilots adopt flexible caps that can be adjusted where necessary, which primarily depends on the outcomes of the bottom-up approach, namely aggregating the allowances allocated to participants. As for allowance allocation, the pilots not only adopt such methods as grandfathering and benchmarking, which are also widely applied in other existing schemes, but also some special methods that require ex post adjustment, such as those based on enterprises’ historical emissions intensity (including both physical quantity and added-value intensity) and current production/output. The factors influencing the design are further analysed, including the impacts of theory and experience from foreign systems, concerns about economic development, traditions regarding intensity targets and policy, constraints from data availability and preparation time, tight regulation of the electricity and heat generation sector, and concerns regarding price stability. The practice of pilots presents an improvement opportunity and a challenge for China to further balance the theoretical and practical requirements in ETS design in establishing its national system.

Policy relevance

China is piloting emissions trading in seven regions, as part of efforts to try to rely more on market-based instruments to achieve GHG emissions control targets. All seven pilots have been confronted with special issues in the design process when compared with existing foreign schemes. This article analyses in depth the special issues related to cap setting and allowance allocation and the approaches adopted to address these issues. Flexible cap setting through a bottom-up approach and different types of allocation methods with or without ex post adjustment are adopted in the pilots. The flexible and innovative approaches the pilots have developed could provide useful experience for designing the nationwide ETS in China and promoting emissions trading policy in other parts of the world.  相似文献   

老石旦煤矿缓坡斜井大口径通风立眼钻孔关键技术          下载免费PDF全文

吴兴荣 《探矿工程》2018,45(12):24-27

通过老石旦煤矿缓坡斜井通风立眼的施工,叙述了钻遇采空区的几项施工关键技术。针对大口径通风井过采空区、井较深、井径较大的特点,采用大孔径反井成孔工艺;导向孔采用无线随钻定向技术,后改用无磁单点测斜潜孔锤定向技术;采用技术套管隔离的方法进行了管底特殊处理,保证技术套管顺利起拔;悬空固井技术,大直径套管人工柔性井底的制作等;对大孔径反井施工工艺技术进行了系统全面介绍,并对反井施工过程中发现的问题及取得成果进行的总结,为类似工程的施工具有示范效应。  相似文献   

海底大地测量控制网研究进展综述   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

李林阳  吕志平  崔阳 《测绘通报》2018,(1):8-13,87

高精度的海底大地测量控制网是数字海洋和水下网络中心战的基础设施之一,而现阶段我国海底控制网的建设和研究几乎为空白。为自主建立我国高精度的海底大地测量控制网,本文借鉴发达国家的经验,结合国外海底控制网的发展与研究现状,系统介绍了GNSS/Acoustic系统的组成及发展;详细梳理了数据处理中的关键技术,分析了影响海底控制点精度的因素和控制点定位精度;结合我国现状,建议加紧开展我国海底控制网的建设与研究。  相似文献   

海底热液循环中矿物沉淀过程数值模拟          下载免费PDF全文

郭志馗  陈超  陶春辉  胡正旺  许顺芳 《地球科学》2021,46(2):729-742

为了探索高渗透性洋壳中高温热液循环系统的形成机制,以数值模拟为手段研究热液循环中的矿物沉淀过程及其对洋壳渗透率的反馈.在热液对流-矿物反应模型中考虑了硬石膏、黄铁矿和黄铜矿的沉淀和溶解反应,基于矿物的溶度积计算矿物的沉淀/溶解量,并将其转换为渗透率的变化.结果显示,黄铁矿和黄铜矿分布于350~380℃等温线范围内,并随着热液温度升高而逐渐向海底推移.海水被加热及与热液混合过程中沉淀出硬石膏,在热液上升通道两侧形成低渗透性的烟囱状结构,降低了海水-热液混合程度从而使热液温度升高.高温热液通道建立后,便会有更多的金属物质随着高温热液被运输至浅层洋壳或海底.模拟结果为理解海底高温热液喷口的形成机制提供了借鉴.   相似文献   

基岩大口径垂直钻孔施工实践          下载免费PDF全文

赵国富 《探矿工程》2010,37(3):49-51

针对基岩中施工大直径垂直钻孔的难点,介绍了采用小径导向孔、加放活导向器、用小径导向孔对大口径钻孔进行监测、使用具有超前导向的大口径扩孔钻头等技术措施,成功实现了在基岩中施工大口径垂直钻孔和全孔下放大直径钢管的施工过程。  相似文献   

复杂环境中的地下暗埋箱涵拉顶式施工技术与应用          下载免费PDF全文

李淑海  张志勇  王中兵 《探矿工程》2010,37(7):66-69,73

结合上海轨道交通2号线东延伸段工程张江高科站工程实例,详细介绍了地下暗埋箱涵拉顶式施工新技术,该技术具有可在工作面积狭小的环境条件下施工、施工对环境影响较小、导向精度高等优点,其工艺是现代顶管施工技术的一种创新和补充,是非开挖地下箱涵施工的一种新的技术手段,为复杂环境下的地下空间开发利用提出了新的解决方案。  相似文献   

Scientific information model for deepsea mapping and sampling     

Dawn J. Wright  Christopher G. Fox  Andra M. Bobbitt 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(4):367-379

The Vents Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory is an interdisciplinary research initiative that brings together scientists from a wide range of disciplines, including geophysics, geology, physical oceanography, chemistry, and biology. Each discipline collects a variety of data types of varying structures and requiring intercomparison. The challenge of scientific information management is thus approached with a view of supporting data from multiple survey, mapping, and sampling tools and subject to multiple levels of interpretation. The ultimate objective is a system that integrates the functions of data storage, selective retrieval, display, and archiving. The results of our ongoing efforts in scientific information modeling and management have produced a relational database in which marine geological, geophysical, chemical, and biological observations can be accessed by any investigator.  相似文献   

Naval Mine Impact Burial Prediction using Seafloor Database,Experiment, and GIS Technologies     

Chris Jenkins  Thomas Wever 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(3-4):199-208

The possibility of naval mines buried in the seafloor poses difficulties for navies concerned with port and seaway operations. To devise countermeasures, predictions of degrees of impact burial over wide areas of seabed must be made. Under ideal conditions, this is done with a knowledge of local seabed shear strengths, but in practice, such data are rarely available.

We describe an alternative prediction method. Probabilistic predictions of mine impact burial are made across areas of variable seafloor by combining data on sedimentary character directly with experimental impact burial results. The most useful seafloor characteristics are mud content and consolidation. The predictions are relatively accurate (SD 1–22%), and are computable in detail over wide geographic areas. They are of a form immediately useful for naval operations (including calculations of risk) and are easily displayed in geographic information systems (GIS). An example is shown for the northern Gulf of Mexico.  相似文献   

Study of the sedimentation and self-weight consolidation behavior of seafloor sediments using a radioisotope densitometer     

Rui Jia  Huayang Lei  Takenori Hino 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):256-265

ABSTRACT

In this study, settling tests were conducted to investigate the sedimentation and self-weight consolidation behavior of seafloor sediments from Isahaya Bay, Ariake Sea, Japan. During the tests, the density variations with depth and time were measured by a gamma-ray transmission radioisotope densitometer. The test results show that the settling process of the seafloor sediments can be classified into the flocculation stage, settling stage, and consolidation stage. The settling rate of the seafloor sediments in the settling stage is dependent on the temperature and initial water content, while the settling rate in the consolidation stage is independent of the temperature and initial water content. The density profile changes from a constant density profile to a linear density profile when the sedimentation process transitions to the self-weight consolidation process. The relations between the void ratio (e) and effective vertical stress (p’) at very low pressures can be calculated from the measured density values, and this can be used for the analysis of the self-weight consolidation of seafloor sediments. For the seafloor sediments tested in this study, the undrained shear strength (s_u) values are almost the same when the density values are less than 1.14?g/cm³, and the s_u values increase linearly with an increase in density when the density values are in the range of 1.14–1.2?g/cm^3.  相似文献   

地球韵律的时空表现及动力问题   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4  

马宗晋  莫宣学 《地学前缘》1997,(Z2)

文章介绍了大洋底１５６６Ｍａ以来六个时段增生构造的划分，前五个时段平均３０Ｍａ，具一定韵律性，以此与中国大陆１７５Ｍａ以来岩浆 构造活动的分段进行了比较，它们共同的韵律时段是（３０±８）Ｍａ。文中还介绍了一组全球地震活动的分幕性及其空间展布的有趣现象，包括低、中纬度与高纬度地震２０年左右的交替活动，南、北极区地震的交替活动，Ｍｓ≥８级大震呈现正交型与斜交型全球图像的分幕性交替活动，还有地球转速加速期和减速期地震发生地区的韵律性分布等。就上述中期和短期的地球韵律表现，进行了地球韵律判定的复杂性和动力学背景的讨论，强调了地球韵律的应用和地球本体研究的重要性。  相似文献