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151.
This study developed an analytical procedure based upon a spectral unmixing model for characterizing and quantifying urban landscape changes in Indianapolis, Indiana, the United States, and for examining the environmental impact of such changes on land surface temperatures (LST). Three dates of Landsat TM/ETM+ images, acquired in 1991, 1995, and 2000, respectively, were utilized to document the historical morphological changes in impervious surface and vegetation coverage and to analyze the relationship between these changes and those occurred in LST. Three fraction endmembers, i.e., impervious surface, green vegetation, and shade, were derived with an unconstrained least-squares solution. A hybrid classification procedure, which combined maximum-likelihood and decision-tree algorithms, was developed to classify the fraction images into land use and land cover classes. Correlation analyses were conducted to investigate the changing relationships of LST with impervious surface and vegetation coverage. Results indicate that multi-temporal fraction images were effective for quantifying the dynamics of urban morphology and for deriving a reliable measurement of environmental variables such as vegetation abundance and impervious surface coverage. Urbanization created an evolved inverse relationship between impervious and vegetation coverage, and brought about new LST patterns because of LST's correlations with both impervious and vegetation coverage. Further researches should be directed to refine spectral mixture modeling by stratification, and by the use of multiple endmembers and hyperspectral imagery. 相似文献
152.
Hang Li Dahua Li Tangfu Xiao Libin He Zengping Ning Jialong Sun Changsheng Zhu Yan Shuang 《中国地球化学学报》2008,27(1):21-27
The Jinding Pb-Zn deposit in Yunnan Province is the representative of a Cd-enriched area and mining activities lead to the release of Cd into the hypergenic ecosystem, resulting in Cd pollution. The concentrations of Cd vary greatly from one type to another type of rocks in the mining district. In the host rock, Cd concentrations range from 50×10^-6 to 650×10^-6 with an average of 310×10^-6. In primary ores, Cd concentrations range from 14×10^-6 to 2800×10^-6 with an average of 767×10^-6. However, in oxidized ores, Cd concentrations are highest, varying within the range of 110×10^-6 to 8200×10^-6 , averaging 1661×10^-6. It is shown that the oxidized ores are the main carder and environmental source of Cd. Leaching test showed that Pb/Zn ores are easy to oxidize and thereafter release Cd and other harmful elements. These leached elements in the leachate may be precipitated rapidly in the order of Zn〉Pb〉Cd. As for the concentration distribution of Cd in the Bijiang River, it is estimated to be 15.7 μg/L Cd in water, 49.3 mg/L in suspended substances, and 203.7 mg/L in sediments. The average value of Cd in soil from the polluted area is 83.0 mg/kg. Natural weathering of Cd-rich rocks and minerals imposes a potential environmental risk on the aquatic ecosystem of the Bijiang catchment. 相似文献
153.
On the basis of simplification of the Planck function in a low temperature range, this paper revises the practical split-window algorithm and presents a method for retrieving snow surface temperature (Ts) based on MODIS data in the middle-latitude region. The application of this method in Qinghai Lake region reveals that it is feasible for the retrieval of Ts. Results of correlation analysis indicate that there was strong negative relationship between Ts and altitude. By analyzing three typical areas in which land cover was relatively homogenous, this paper discusses the relationship between Ts and normalized difference snow index (NDSI) and then presents a new concept named "NDSI-Ts space". 相似文献
154.
三峡水库区兴山后坝滑坡成因分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
文章通过对三峡水库区兴山后坝滑坡的地质、结构及变形特征研究以及稳定性分析,阐明了该滑坡成因和影响因素。研究发现,滑坡活动主要受地形地貌、地层岩性、人类工程活动以及降雨等因素的影响。运用剩余推力法对比分析天然及暴雨条件下不同层位的滑坡稳定性系数,得出在暴雨作用下滑坡表层滑带稳定性系数最小,不同滑带的稳定性受降雨的影响也各不相同,呈表层〉浅层〉深层的规律;这主要受滑带土的粘土矿物组分的影响。 相似文献
155.
156.
张吉汉 《地质灾害与环境保护》2008,19(1):76-78
在山西省重点地区固体废弃物现状调查研究的基础上,通过试样试验,分析研究了固体废弃物对土壤、大气、水环境的污染,探讨了对固体废弃物的治理及利用,为研究矿山生态环境地质研究提供参考,同时积累工作经验。 相似文献
157.
沪蓉高速柴家湾隧道围岩稳定性分析及支护效果研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
隧道围岩的应力分布及变形特征对保证其长期稳定性具有关键的作用。本文以柴家湾隧道为例进行实态建模,通过采用有限元软件ANSYS对其施工全过程进行了三维弹塑性数值模拟计算。研究结果表明,隧道拱顶和拱脚处应力集中现象明显,局部可能出现拉应力;变形主要集中在拱顶、拱腰部位,衬砌单元所受内力在规定强度范围以内,支护措施合理有效。 相似文献
158.
159.
Akinobu Miyakoshi Takeshi Hayashi Atsunao Marui Yasuo Sakura Shinichi Kawashima Masafumi Kawai 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(2):401-411
Information on the distribution of subsurface temperature and hydraulic heads at 24 observation wells in and around the Tokyo
Lowland, the eastern part of the Tokyo Metropolitan area, were examined to make clear the relationship between groundwater
and the subsurface thermal environment in the urban area. Minimums in temperature–depth logs due to subsurface temperature
increasing at shallow parts were recognized in 21 wells. This fact shows subsurface temperature is affected by ground surface
warming in almost all of this area. Deeper than minimums, where the effects of surface warming became relatively small, regional
variation is observed as follows: high temperatures are shown in the central part to the southern part, and low temperatures
shown in the inland to eastern part. The high temperature area corresponds to an area where the lower boundary of groundwater
flow is relatively shallow. This area corresponds also to an area with severe land subsidence resulting from excessive groundwater
pumping. It is considered that this high temperature area is formed by the effects of upward groundwater flow affected by
hydrogeological conditions and pumping. On the other hand, a comparison between past data (1956–1967) and present data (2001–2003)
revealed widespread decreasing temperature in the inland area. This is explained by downward groundwater flow based on an
analysis of temperature–depth logs. This fact suggests that subsurface temperature is not only increasing from the effects
of surface warming but also decreasing from the effects of groundwater environment change due to pumping. 相似文献
160.
Mechanism for the rapid motion of the Qianjiangping landslide during reactivation by the first impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam reservoir, China 总被引:10,自引:6,他引:4
Fawu Wang Yeming Zhang Zhitao Huo Xuanming Peng Shimei Wang Shintaro Yamasaki 《Landslides》2008,5(4):379-386
The first impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam reservoir in China started from a water surface elevation of 95 m on June 1,
2003 and reached 135 m on June 15, 2003. Shortly after the water level reached 135 m, many slopes began to deform and some
landslides occurred. The Qianjiangping landslide is the largest one; it occurred on the early morning of July 14, 2003 and
caused great loss of lives and property. Field investigation revealed that, although failure occurred after the reservoir
reached 135 m, the stability of the slope was already reduced by preexisting sheared bedding planes. To study the mechanism
of the rapid motion of this reactivated landslide, two soil samples were taken from a yellow clay layer and a black silt layer
in the sliding zone, respectively, and a series of ring shear tests were conducted on the samples. One series of ring shear
tests simulates the creep deformation behavior, while the other series simulates different shear rates. Conclusions drawn
from analysis of the ring shear tests indicate that the mechanism of the rapid motion of the reactivated landslide was caused
by the rate effect of the black silt layer during the motion phase after the creep failure. The yellow clay layer did not
play any important role in the rapid motion in the 2003 event. 相似文献