Interaction of wind and cold-season hydrologic processes on erosion from complex topography following wildfire in sagebrush steppe     

Samantha P. Vega  C. Jason Williams  Erin S. Brooks  Frederick B. Pierson  Eva K. Strand  Peter R. Robichaud  Robert E. Brown  Mark S. Seyfried  Kathleen A. Lohse  Kayla Glossner  Jennifer L. Pierce  Clay Roehner 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(4):841-861

Wildfire is a natural component of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) steppe rangelands that induces temporal shifts in plant community physiognomy, ground surface conditions, and erosion rates. Fire alteration of the vegetation structure and ground cover in these ecosystems commonly amplifies soil losses by wind- and water-driven erosion. Much of the fire-related erosion research for sagebrush steppe has focused on either erosion by wind over gentle terrain or water-driven erosion under high-intensity rainfall on complex topography. However, many sagebrush rangelands are geographically positioned in snow-dominated uplands with complex terrain in which runoff and sediment delivery occur primarily in winter months associated with cold-season hydrology. Current understanding is limited regarding fire effects on the interaction of wind- and cold-season hydrologic-driven erosion processes for these ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated fire impacts on vegetation, ground cover, soils, and erosion across spatial scales at a snow-dominated mountainous sagebrush site over a 2-year period post-fire. Vegetation, ground cover, and soil conditions were assessed at various plot scales (8 m² to 3.42 ha) through standard field measures. Erosion was quantified through a network of silt fences (n = 24) spanning hillslope and side channel or swale areas, ranging from 0.003 to 3.42 ha in size. Sediment delivery at the watershed scale (129 ha) was assessed by suspended sediment samples of streamflow through a drop-box v-notch weir. Wildfire consumed nearly all above-ground live vegetation at the site and resulted in more than 60% bare ground (bare soil, ash, and rock) in the immediate post-fire period. Widespread wind-driven sediment loading of swales was observed over the first month post-fire and extensive snow drifts were formed in these swales each winter season during the study. In the first year, sediment yields from north- and south-facing aspects averaged 0.99–8.62 t ha⁻¹ at the short-hillslope scale (~0.004 ha), 0.02–1.65 t ha⁻¹ at the long-hillslope scale (0.02–0.46 ha), and 0.24–0.71 t ha⁻¹ at the swale scale (0.65–3.42 ha), and watershed scale sediment yield was 2.47 t ha⁻¹. By the second year post fire, foliar cover exceeded 120% across the site, but bare ground remained more than 60%. Sediment yield in the second year was greatly reduced across short- to long-hillslope scales (0.02–0.04 t ha⁻¹), but was similar to first-year measures for swale plots (0.24–0.61 t ha⁻¹) and at the watershed scale (3.05 t ha⁻¹). Nearly all the sediment collected across all spatial scales was delivered during runoff events associated with cold-season hydrologic processes, including rain-on-snow, rain-on-frozen soils, and snowmelt runoff. Approximately 85–99% of annual sediment collected across all silt fence plots each year was from swales. The high levels of sediment delivered across hillslope to watershed scales in this study are attributed to observed preferential loading of fine sediments into swale channels by aeolian processes in the immediate post-fire period and subsequent flushing of these sediments by runoff from cold-season hydrologic processes. Our results suggest that the interaction of aeolian and cold-season hydrologic-driven erosion processes is an important component for consideration in post-fire erosion assessment and prediction and can have profound implications for soil loss from these ecosystems. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

抛泥扩散淤积计算模式初步研究     

邱桔斐  马越  丁红  王长海 《海洋通报》2007,26(6):91-95

本模式将抛泥扩散淤积分三步进行:(1)流场采用平面二维欧拉场;(2)用有限个质点代表"污水团",采用拉格郎日法计算质点漂移;(3)用恰当的泥沙公式模拟每个质点泥沙落淤。以此三种模式的组合描述抛泥扩散淤积状况。本模式可以给出"污水团"扩散漂移过程,模拟泥沙淤积范围和淤积厚度。通过对长江口北槽拟选倾倒区抛泥淤积模拟计算,结果与示踪沙现场试验状况基本吻合,说明本方法对抛泥淤积计算是一种值得深入研究的可行方法。  相似文献   

某桩基事故分析谈桩型的合理选择     

廖远淦  杨锦全 《南方国土资源》2000,13(2):63-65

文章通过对某工程实例的分析,说明建筑物桩基形式的合理选择,必须综合考虑设计要求、场地工程地质、水文地质的具体情况以及施工设备、工艺的适应性,才能确保桩基工程质量并最终节约建筑成本.  相似文献   

Intergrain contact density indices for granular mixes-Ⅱ:Liquefaction resistance     

S. Thevanayagam 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2007,6(2)

Whether the presence of non-plastic silt in a granular mix soil impact its liquefaction potential and how to evaluate liquefaction resistance of sand containing different amounts of silt contents are both controversial issues. This paper presents the results of an experimental evaluation to address these issues. Two parameters, namely, equivalent intergranular void ratio (ec)eq and equivalent interfine void ratio (ef)eq, proposed in a companion paper (Thevanayagam, 2007) as indices of active grain contacts in a granular mix, are used to characterize liquefaction resistance of sands and silty sands. Results indicate that, at the same global void ratio (e), liquefaction resistance of silty sand decreases with an increase in fines content (CF) up to a threshold value (CFth). This is due to a reduction in intergrain contact density between the coarse grains. Beyond CFth, with further addition of fines, the interfine contacts become significant while the inter-coarse grain contacts diminish and coarse grains become dispersed. At the same e, the liquefaction resistance increases and the soil becomes stronger with a further increase in silt content. Beyond a limiting fines content (CFL), the liquefaction resistance is controlled by interfine contacts only. When CF＜CFth, at the same (ec)eq, the liquefaction resistance of silty sand is comparable to that of the host clean sand at a void ratio equal to (ec)eq. When CF＞CFth, at the same (ef)eq, the cyclic strength of a sandy silt is comparable to the host silt at a void ratio equal to (ef)eq.  相似文献   

健跳港上游引水对海床冲淤影响的数值模拟分析     

唐子文  黄世昌 《海洋学研究》2007,25(1):23-33

健跳港是一个狭长的淤泥质港汊,针对枯季和洪季健跳港海床不同的冲淤特点,利用一维潮流泥沙模型复演了该港海床的冲淤过程,通过调整挟沙力系数来模拟健跳港枯水期的淤积和洪水期的冲刷这两种不同的海床变化形态,并预测了健跳港上游引水后对该港河床的淤积影响。  相似文献   

液化地层震动沉管桩施工对策     

赵以龙 《中国煤田地质》2007,19(A01):67-67,77

南京某综合办公楼桩基工程采用震动沉管桩，由于该区地层的粉砂层存在不同端阻力分界面，因上层长时间的震动，下层粉砂层发生液化，导致桩尖与沉管脱离，桩管内出现水泥浆：为此在施工中采用活瓣桩尖，并用0．5m^3的砼封底，有效地解决了桩管冒浆问题。  相似文献   

黄河三角洲粉土液化的试验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘茜  郑西来  刘红军  王继纲  董淑云 《世界地震工程》2007,23(2):161-166

在野外自然地理和地质调查的基础上，以黄河地区可液化场地粉土为研究对象，利用室内动三轴和振动柱试验进行测定，分析了动荷载作用下粉土的动应力应变关系并模拟了地震荷载作用下粉土的孔压响应及抗液化强度，得出了液化破坏标准，提出了原状粉土的振动孔压上升模型。对试验结果进行分析发现，随着粘粒含量的增加，粉砂、粉土、粉质粘土、粘土达到相同剪应变所需的动剪应力也依次增加；粉土孔压比0．68、粉砂土孔压比0．87作为液化破坏开始的标志；粉土发生液化所需的循环应力比大于砂土。这些研究为以后建立适合本地区的饱和地基土地震破坏判别方法提供了参数和依据。  相似文献   

Intergrain contact density indices for granular mixes I： Framework   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

S. Thevanayagam 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2007,6(2):123-134

Mechanical behavior such as stress-strain response, shear strength, resistance to liquefaction, modulus, and shear wave velocity of granular mixes containing coarse and fine grains is dependent on intergrain contact density of the soil. The global void ratio e is a poor index of contact density for such soils. The contact density depends on void ratio, fine grain content （Cv）, size disparity between particles, and gradation among other factors. A simple analysis of a two-sized particle system with large size disparity is used to develop an understanding of the effects of Cv, e, and gradation of coarse and fine grained soils in the soil mix on intergrain contact density. An equivalent intergranular void ratio （ec）oq is introduced as a useful intergrain contact density for soils at fines content of less than a threshold value Crth. Beyond this value, an equivalent interfine void ratio （ef）eq is introduced as a primary intergrain contact density index. At higher values of Cv beyond a limiting value of fine grains content CVL, an interfine void ratio ef is introduced as the primary contact density index. Relevant equivalent relative density indices （Drc）eq and （Drf）eq are also presented. Experimental data show that these new indices correlate well with steady state strength, liquefaction resistance, and shear wave velocities of sands, silty sands, sandy silts, and gravelly sand mixes.  相似文献   

Engineering Strategies on Flood Control in Middle Reach of Yangtze River, China     

Li Chang’an Yin Hongfu Zhang Yufen Gu Yansheng Faculty of Earth Sciences  China University of Geosciences  Wuhan  China 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2000,11(3)

CAUSE FOR FL OODS IN MIDDL E REACH OF YANGTZERIVERFlood,a kind of interface disaster,occurs atthe interfacebetween atmosphere and lithosphere. Flood happens when at-mosphere and lithosphere interplay and couple each other(ofcourse,biosphere may also join in this) . Both meteorologicaland geographical factors can bring about flood;the formercontrols the time of flood and the latter controls the place ofdisaster. The second Neocathaysian tectonic subsidence area(L i,1973) is the…  相似文献   

固化疏浚淤泥做堤防填筑材料的试验研究     

刘玉山  张大捷  易哲  颜廷舟 《岩土力学》2006,27(Z1):615-618

固化疏浚淤泥作为堤防填筑材料,既解决淤泥的处置,又可解决堤防建设中填土的缺乏。用灰渣胶凝材料（HAS）固化淤泥并测试固化淤泥土的主要物理力学性质,发现掺6 %灰渣胶凝材料固化后的淤泥土,在自然堆积28 d后的液塑限达到60 %,有机质含量降低到2 %,淤泥由原来的有机质高液限黏土（CHO）变成高液限粉质黏土（MH）,其28 d的无侧限抗压强度普遍大于1.4 MPa,凝聚力c≥100 kPa,内摩擦角?＞35°,渗透系数小于10-6 cm/s,远高于提防填筑材料的标准,表明灰渣胶凝材料固化改性淤泥成为堤防填土是可行的。  相似文献