锡林郭勒盟白灾成因及分布特征     

迎春  郝艳霞  刘志刚  杨倩  王平 《内蒙古气象》2011,(5):44-45,52

利用锡林郭勒盟气象资料和白灾调查资料,分析了冬季白灾成因、形成过程和分布规律。锡林郭勒盟冬季白灾由冬季降雪量决定,积雪深度和积雪日数是衡量灾情的主要指标;白灾的形成受降雪时间和冬季温度影响;中东部和南部地区发生频率较高,全盟性白灾的发生具有明显的周期性,2000年以来是锡林郭勒盟冬季白灾发生最少的时期。  相似文献   

Past and projected future changes in snowpack and soil frost at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest,New Hampshire,USA     

John L. Campbell  Scott V. Ollinger  Gerald N. Flerchinger  Haley Wicklein  Katharine Hayhoe  Amey S. Bailey 《水文研究》2010,24(17):2465-2480

Long‐term data from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire show that air temperature has increased by about 1 °C over the last half century. The warmer climate has caused significant declines in snow depth, snow water equivalent and snow cover duration. Paradoxically, it has been suggested that warmer air temperatures may result in colder soils and more soil frost, as warming leads to a reduction in snow cover insulating soils during winter. Hubbard Brook has one of the longest records of direct field measurements of soil frost in the United States. Historical records show no long‐term trends in maximum annual frost depth, which is possibly confounded by high interannual variability and infrequency of major soil frost events. As a complement to field measurements, soil frost can be modelled reliably using knowledge of the physics of energy and water transfer. We simulated soil freezing and thawing to the year 2100 using a soil energy and water balance model driven by statistically downscaled climate change projections from three atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models under two emission scenarios. Results indicated no major changes in maximum annual frost depth and only a slight increase in number of freeze–thaw events. The most important change suggested by the model is a decline in the number of days with soil frost, stemming from a concurrent decline in the number of snow‐covered days. This shortening of the frost‐covered period has important implications for forest ecosystem processes such as tree phenology and growth, hydrological flowpaths during winter, and biogeochemical processes in soil. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The simulation of heat and water exchange at the land–atmosphere interface for the boreal grassland by the land‐surface model SWAP     

Yeugeniy M. Gusev  Olga N. Nasonova 《水文研究》2002,16(10):1893-1919

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Role of temporal resolution of meteorological inputs for process‐based snow modelling          下载免费PDF全文

Mohammad M. Sohrabi  Daniele Tonina  Rohan Benjankar  Mukesh Kumar  Patrick Kormos  Danny Marks 《水文研究》2018,32(19):2976-2989

Accurate snow accumulation and melt simulations are crucial for understanding and predicting hydrological dynamics in mountainous settings. As snow models require temporally varying meteorological inputs, time resolution of these inputs is likely to play an important role on the model accuracy. Because meteorological data at a fine temporal resolution (~1 hr) are generally not available in many snow‐dominated settings, it is important to evaluate the role of meteorological inputs temporal resolution on the performance of process‐based snow models. The objective of this work is to assess the loss in model accuracy with temporal resolution of meteorological inputs, for a range of climatic conditions and topographic elevations. To this end, a process‐based snow model was run using 1‐, 3‐, and 6‐hourly inputs for wet, average, and dry years over Boise River Basin (6,963 km²), which spans rain dominated (≤1,400 m), rain–snow transition (>1,400 and ≤1,900 m), snow dominated below tree line (>1,900 and ≤2,400 m), and above tree line (>2,400 m) elevations. The results show that sensitivity of the model accuracy to the inputs time step generally decreases with increasing elevation from rain dominated to snow dominated above tree line. Using longer than hourly inputs causes substantial underestimation of snow cover area (SCA) and snow water equivalent (SWE) in rain‐dominated and rain–snow transition elevations, due to the precipitation phase mischaracterization. In snow‐dominated elevations, the melt rate is underestimated due to errors in estimation of net snow cover energy input. In addition, the errors in SCA and SWE estimates generally decrease toward years with low snow mass, that is, dry years. The results indicate significant increases in errors in estimates of SCA and SWE as the temporal resolution of meteorological inputs becomes coarser than an hour. However, use of 3‐hourly inputs can provide accurate estimates at snow‐dominated elevations. The study underscores the need to record meteorological variables at an hourly time step for accurate process‐based snow modelling.  相似文献   

Linking hydrological variations at local scales to regional climate teleconnection patterns     

Kabir Rasouli  Karis Scharold  Taufique H. Mahmood  Nancy F. Glenn  Danny Marks 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5624-5641

Climate patterns over preceding years affect seasonal water and moisture conditions. The linkage between regional climate and local hydrology is challenging due to scale differences, both spatially and temporally. In this study, variance, correlation, and singular spectrum analyses were conducted to identify multiple hydroclimatic phases during which climate teleconnection patterns were related to hydrology of a small headwater basin in Idaho, USA. Combined field observations and simulations from a physically based hydrological model were used for this purpose. Results showed statistically significant relations between climate teleconnection patterns and hydrological fluxes in the basin, and climate indices explained up to 58% of hydrological variations. Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Pacific North America (PNA) patterns affected mountain hydrology, in that order, by decreasing annual runoff and rain on snow (ROS) runoff by 43% and 26% during a positive phase of NAO and 25% and 9% during a positive phase of PNA. AAO showed a significant association with the rainfall-to-precipitation ratio and explained 49% of its interannual variation. The runoff response was affected by the phase of climate variability indices and the legacy of past atmospheric conditions. Specifically, a switch in the phase of the teleconnection patterns of NAO and PNA caused a transition from wet to dry conditions in the basin. Positive AAO showed no relation with peak snow water equivalent and ROS runoff in the same year, but AAO in the preceding year explained 24 and 25% (p < 0.05) of their variations, suggesting that the past atmospheric patterns are equally important as the present conditions in affecting local hydrology. Areas sheltered from the wind and acted as a source for snow transport showed the lowest (40% below normal) ROS runoff generation, which was associated with positive NAO that explained 33% (p < 0.01) of its variation. The findings of this research highlighted the importance of hydroclimatic phases and multiple year variations that must be considered in hydrological forecasts, climate projections, and water resources planning.  相似文献   

Estimation of the energy used to melt snow in the Tien Shan mountains and Japanese Islands     

Vladimir Aizen  Elena Aizen  John Melack  Tsutomu Nakamura  Shunichi Kobayashi 《Global and Planetary Change》2002,32(4)

The heat needed to melt snow over the Tien Shan mountains and Japanese Islands for 10-day period (TDP) was estimated. Melting curves and a map of snowmelt duration were obtained through the long-term data from 79 stations in the Tien Shan mountains and 20 stations in the Japanese Islands. At high elevations in the mountains, about 40% of the snow melts during penultimate 10 days of snow cover. In the Japanese Islands, about 80% of the snow melts during the last 20 days of snow cover. Over the mountains, 0.13×10⁴ MJ m² year⁻¹ is needed to melt snow in the northern and western Tien Shan where maximum snow accumulation occurred. The volume of air cooled 10 °C by snowmelt amounted to 4.4×10⁶ km³ year⁻¹ over the Tien Shan mountains and 3×10⁶ km³ year⁻¹ over the Japanese Islands. The most significant impact of snowmelt on air temperature was observed at an elevation of 2500 m in the western and northern Tien Shan. Air that was cooled 10 °C could reach an elevation of 2.1 km day⁻¹. Over the Japanese Islands, energy losses from snowmelt amounted to 0.26×10¹⁴ MJ year⁻¹ and the maximum occurred over Honshu Island. The heat loss from snowmelt in the Tien Shan mountains and Japanese Islands amounted to about 2/3 of heat loss in the Eurasian continental plains.  相似文献   

Statistical probability distribution of snow depth at the model sub‐grid cell spatial scale     

Wolf‐Dietrich Marchand  nund Killingtveit 《水文研究》2005,19(2):355-369

Comprehensive snow depth data, collected using georadar and hand probing, were used for statistical analyses of snow depths inside 1 km grid cells. The sub‐grid cell spatial scale was 100 m. Statistical distribution functions were found to have varying parameters, and an attempt was made to connect these statistical parameters to different terrain variables. The results showed that the two parameters mean and standard deviation of snow depth were significantly related to the sub‐grid terrain characteristics. Linear regression models could explain up to 50% of the variation for both of the snowcover parameters mentioned. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Design and realization of the drawing software for snow/ice stratigraphic profile     

温家洪  杨文璐 《极地研究(英文版)》2003,14(1)

1　IntroductionSnow/icestratigraphicprofileisoneofthetraditionalandimportantresearchfieldsinglaciology (Qin 1 995 ;Xie 1 988) .Thesnow pitprofilesareobserveddirectlyinthefield ,andthestratigraphicprofilesoficecoresaredelineatedandcompiledindetailat1∶1scalethroughnakedeyesinlow temperaturelaboratory .Themajorstratigraphicchar acteristicsobservedincludingcrystalgrainsize,structureofdepthhoar,lighttransmis sion,meltphenomena,windcrustetc.(ShojiandLangway 1 989) ,arenecessarytobedelineatedindia…  相似文献   

2013年冬季广东罕见持续暴雨过程特点及成因   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

邓文剑  吴乃庚  林良勋  张华龙 《气象科技》2015,43(2):276-282

利用常规气象观测站、区域自动站资料和NCEP/NCAR客观分析资料等,对2013年12月13—17日广东出现的持续时间长、影响范围广和累计雨量大的罕见暴雨过程特征及成因进行了分析;对比分析了此过程与2008年年初持续低温雨雪冰冻过程形成的异同条件。结果表明:500hPa上在青藏高原附近建立"北脊南槽"的环流形势,促使北方冷空气沿脊前东移南下和来自南海、孟加拉湾沿南支槽前向东向北推进的暖湿气流在广东持续交绥,并在局地形成异常经向垂直环流,为持续性暴雨提供有利的环流背景条件;广东位于200hPa高空槽前部,处于高空急流入口区南侧的辐散、中低层辐合的区域中,也十分利于中低层水汽辐合抬升、凝结而产生暴雨。同2008年初持续低温雨雪冰冻过程相比较,这两次过程均发生在相似的"北脊南槽"形势下,但本次过程槽脊经向度大、南支槽位置偏南、降雨强度大;而2008年初过程则雨雪冰冻影响范围广和持续时间长;两过程虽同是在冬季低温背景下发生,而本次过程没有像2008年初过程那样在中层建立一强逆温层和低层形成一过冷却层,因而降水相态以雨为主,2008年初过程则以降雪冰冻(冻雨)天气为主。  相似文献   

Role of Ozone Deposition in the Occurrence of the Spring Maximum     

Alexander Liudchik  Viktar Pakatashkin  Siarhei Umreika  Rasele Girgzdiene 《大气与海洋》2015,53(1):42-49

Abstract

A hypothesis has been formulated on the basis of experimental data presented in this article. According to the hypothesis, occurrence of the spring surface ozone maximum at mid-latitudes results from a delay in snow-cover melt. The data were collected at ozone stations in Minsk (Belarus) and Preila (Lithuania). Because the measurements of surface ozone concentration are quite different, despite the close proximity of the stations, a conclusion can be drawn about the significant influence of meteorological parameters on measurements. In addition to a rather subjective and poorly defined parameter—time of snow melt—the difference between the average March temperature and a climatological mean may be treated as a criterion for the presence or absence of the spring ozone maximum.  相似文献