两千年来中国自然与人文地理环境变迁及启示   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

葛全胜  朱会义 《地理学报》2021,76(1):3-14

科学理解中国自然与人文地理环境变迁的历史逻辑、基本规律和发展趋势,有助于找准历史方位,确立国土空间开发保护格局优化方向,推进“美丽中国”建设与经济社会可持续发展。本文集成现有研究成果,梳理了两千年来中国自然与人文地理环境变迁过程,总结了主要要素的变迁特点,探讨了这些历史变迁对“美丽中国”建设的启示。研究表明,两千年来中国自然地理环境变化主要表现为气候的多尺度准周期波动、黄土高原破碎化、北方地区沙漠化土地扩张、河口三角洲海岸在泥沙沉积作用下逐步外移、黄河和长江中下游湖泊萎缩、森林和温带草原面积下降。人文地理环境变迁突出表现在人口增长和格局变化、经济中心向东南迁移、耕地向外围扩张、交通网络由道路网和运河网向立体化综合交通网转变。依据上述变化的历史逻辑,未来基本自然地理格局和地理界线仍将长期存在,长江和黄河中下游星罗棋布的湖泊水系已难再现,南粮北运成为历史,但森林覆盖率仍有较大提升空间,交通网络建设仍需进一步推进,同时还要加强沿海城市应对气候变化威胁的防控体系建设。  相似文献   

Quantifying the social equity of carbon mitigation strategies     

Christian E. Casillas  Daniel M. Kammen 《Climate Policy》2013,13(6):690-703

Many tools that are helpful for evaluating emissions mitigation measures, such as carbon abatement cost curves, focus exclusively on cost and emissions reduction potential without quantifying the direct and indirect impacts on stakeholders. The impacts of climate change will be the most severe and immediate for billions of poor people, especially for those whose livelihoods are based on agriculture and subsistence activities and are directly dependent on weather patterns. Thus, equity and vulnerability considerations must be central to GHG emissions reduction strategies. A case study of a carbon abatement cost curve for an electricity system in two Nicaraguan rural villages is presented and is complemented with assessments based on the poverty metrics of the poverty headcount, the Gini coefficient, and the Kuznets ratios. Although these metrics are relatively easy to calculate, the study provides a general indication as to how the social impacts of mitigation strategies on the poor (whether they are in rural or urban environments, developed or developing countries) can be revealed and highlights the inequalities that are embedded in them. Further work analysing how mitigation measures affect the various more detailed poverty indices, such as the Human Development, Gender Equality, or Multidimensional Poverty indices, is needed.  相似文献   

耕地变化与社会经济发展关系研究进展   总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21  

吴业  杨桂山  万荣荣 《地理科学进展》2008,27(1):90-98

经济快速发展过程中耕地流失严重的问题已引起政府和社会的广泛关注,深入研究耕地变化与社会经济 发展关系的内在机制具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文在简要回顾国内外在经济发展对耕地面积减少的影响、经 济发展对耕地质量变化的影响、耕地变化的社会经济驱动力研究以及耕地变化对粮食安全的影响研究的基础上, 结合中国目前研究的实际情况以及中国人多地少的特殊国情,分析了耕地变化与社会经济发展关系研究中存在的 问题,诸如数据的科学准确性、研究的时空尺度问题、指标体系的统一性以及模型化等,研究认为今后应深入耕地 非农化内在机制的研究、加强研究方法的突破与创新、加大对耕地社会、生态价值的研究以及开展应用研究。  相似文献   

BOOK REVIEWS     

《The Professional geographer》1984,36(1):106-142

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.  相似文献   

ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC REHABILITATION IN THE KARST OF SOUTHWEST CHINA     

Cai Yunlong Department of Geography  Peking University  Beijing People''s Republic of China 《地理学报(英文版)》1997,(2)

Ｉ.ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅａｃａｄｅｍｉｃ,ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｎｄｐｏｌｉｃｙ-ｍａｋｉｎｇｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｈａｖｅｆｏｃｕｓｅｄｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｅａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｏｆｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ.ＦＡＯ(1988)ｄｅｆｉｎｅｓｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｓ”ｔｈｅｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｎａｔｕｒａｌｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｂａｓｅ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉ…  相似文献   

Integration of smallholder wetland aquaculture–agriculture systems (fingerponds) into riparian farming systems on the shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya: socio-economics and livelihoods     

J KIPKEMBOI  A A VAN DAM†  M M IKIARA‡  P DENNY† 《The Geographical journal》2007,173(3):257-272

This paper presents the results of experimental fingerponds: an integrated flood recession aquaculture–agriculture production system in the Lake Victoria wetlands in Kenya. The overall aim of the study is to assess the potential of fingerponds as a sustainable wetland farming system for improving food security at the subsistence level and within the context of the existing livelihood activities. The contribution of this new activity to rural household livelihoods is evaluated. Since it is a sustainable technology, based on natural events, the production level is intermediate and the benefits may not be high in the short term. Economic analysis shows that the gross margin and net income of fingerponds is about 752 and 197 Euros per hectare per year, respectively. This is about an 11% increase in the annual gross margin of an average rural household around Lake Victoria. The additional per capita fish supply is 3 kg per season or more from a 192 m² pond. The potential fish protein supply of 200 kg/ha is high compared with most existing terrestrial protein production systems. Fingerponds have the potential to contribute to household food security and to improve livelihoods. Sensitivity analysis indicates that biophysical variations, which may occur from one wetland to another, have implications for the functioning, and consequently the economic performance, of fingerponds. This reinforces the need for the integration of these systems into other household activities to buffer the household against potential risk.  相似文献   

Socio-economic drought assessment in Lake Mead,USA, based on a multivariate standardized water-scarcity index     

Mohammad Masih Edalat  Haroon Stephen 《水文科学杂志》2019,64(5):555-569

Drought events are increasing worldwide. Socio-economic drought is the least investigated type of drought, and is the only type for which water demand is taken into consideration. In this research, socio-economic drought was studied in Lake Mead, USA, using a multivariate standardized water-scarcity index (MSWSI) over the period 1990–2014, combining two water-scarcity indices based on time series of inflow, outflow, reservoir storage, and water demand. The inflow and outflow were determined from streamgage data, and reservoir storage from lake level data; demand was based on water pumped by the Southern Nevada Water Authority. Missing observations in input streamgage data were filled through regression modeling. The results indicate that Lake Mead has been in socio-economic drought since 2000, with the most severe drought occurring between 2006 and 2012, and the highest intensity drought in April–July 2014. The Lake Mead droughts revealed through the MSWSI are consistent with those reported in US Drought Monitor (USDM) products. The temporal behavior of MSWSI provides an insight into the socio-economic effects of droughts not captured by USDM products.  相似文献   

The geography of same-sex couples and families in Australia: an empirical review     

James Forrest  Andrew Gorman-Murray  Frank Siciliano 《The Australian geographer》2019,50(4):493-509

ABSTRACT

Much has changed since the first mapping of single-sex couples and families from the 2006 Australian census. An increasing willingness to allow their identification in the census has accompanied increasing public acceptance of same-sex couples culminating in significant support for legalising same-sex marriage in a 2017 national survey. Technological advances permit complex cross-tabulations of Australian census data and more detailed characterisations of same-sex couples. New geographies differentiate between male and female couples with children, showing same-sex couples are not just a feature of some inner-city areas, though these remain important, but also of suburban, regional and some rural areas. Drawing on the 2016 census, contemporary geographies of same-sex couples with and without children in Australia and changes over the past decade in Sydney are analysed at a time of increased interest in this demographic.  相似文献   

教育绅士化社区：形成机制及其社会空间效应研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

胡述聚  李诚固  张婧  马佐澎  刘伟 《地理研究》2019,38(5):1175-1188

教育绅士化现象已成为深刻影响我国城市居住空间分异的重要因素,以长春市郊区出现的教育绅士化社区为例,对其形成机制及社会空间效应进行深入研究。结果表明：① 在优质教育资源空间分布不均及教育体制改革背景下,私立学校与房地产开发活动在郊区的结合催生出一种新的教育绅士化现象,其实质是由教育资源引发的绅士化现象。② 教育绅士化社区采用“房地产+名校”的模式进行开发,涉及地方政府、房地产开发商、学校以及绅士阶层四大主体。教育绅士化缘于地方政府的征地行为,开发商是物质景观改造的主体,学校则是吸引绅士阶层集聚的关键。③ 教育绅士化社区一方面引导了资本、中产阶层和优质教育资源向郊区的迁移,促进了郊区物质景观及人口、社会经济的升级,并在一定程度上有利于教育公平。另一方面又不可避免地引起了城市人口、社会经济空间的分层和极化。本研究在一定程度上丰富了教育绅士化的研究内容和研究视野,同时对教育、住房以及城市发展政策的制定具有一定启示。  相似文献   

干旱指标研究的进展与展望   总被引：67，自引：1，他引：66  

王劲松  郭江勇  周跃武  杨兰芳 《干旱区地理》2007,30(1):60-65

对气象干旱指标、农业干旱指标、水文干旱指标和社会经济干旱指标4个方面的研究成果进行了较为全面的对比分析,并提出了干旱指标研究中仍存在的主要问题以及今后研究的重点与展望。干旱气候的影响具有持续时间长、范围广、灾害程度重的特点,而干旱指标是衡量干旱气候的标准。分析指出,按照大气、土壤、水文和作物干旱的相互关系及其因果关系,应该首先考虑大气干旱,而考虑大气干旱时,最好利用降水百分数或距平百分率,这样便于统一比较各个地区的干旱程度。其次,再根据不同的领域和对象,考虑土壤、农作物、牧业和水文干旱等。在研制干旱指标时,要注意要素的可收集性及其适时性,考虑主要要素和监测业务的可行性,干旱指标要简单、明了,可计算性强,以便于业务使用和推广。  相似文献