Electrical aerosol spectrometer of Tartu University     

H. Tammet  A. Mirme  E. Tamm   《Atmospheric Research》2002,62(3-4)

The electrical aerosol spectrometer (EAS) of the parallel measuring principle at Tartu University is an efficient instrument for rapid measurement of the unstable size spectrum of aerosol particles. The measuring range from 10 nm to 10 μm is achieved by simultaneously using a pair of differential mobility analyzers with two different particle chargers. The particle spectrum is calculated and measurement errors are estimated in real time by using a least-squares method. Experimental calibration ensures reliability of measurement. The instrument is well suited for continuous monitoring of atmospheric aerosol.  相似文献   

抽水引起的含水层水平应变──地裂缝活动新机理   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

王庆良  刘玉海  陈志新  王文萍 《工程地质学报》2002,10(1):46-50

基于Darcy -Gersevanov广义渗流关系式 ,本文首先导出了单井定流量抽水引起的泰斯承压含水层水平运动和应变解析表达式 ,并据此提出了抽水诱发地裂缝活动的含水层水平应变新机理 ,其主要观点为 :受井栅的约束阻挡作用 ,抽水活动将在含水层内部形成近井径向挤压区和远井径向拉张区两个应变区域 ,随着抽水时间的增长 ,近井径向挤压区将逐渐向外扩展 ;当地裂缝及其下伏断层或裂隙位于抽水活动引起的径向拉张应变区域时 ,地裂缝将出现加速活动 ;反之 ,当地裂缝处于抽水活动引起的径向挤压应变区域时 ,地裂缝活动反而受到抑制。上述地裂缝活动机理通过大同机车工厂现场抽水实验得到了初步证实。  相似文献   

Pseudodynamic tests on rubber base isolators with numerical substructuring of the superstructure and strain‐rate effect compensation     

F. J. Molina  G. Verzeletti  G. Magonette  Ph. Buchet  V. Renda  M. Geradin  A. Parducci  M. Mezzi  A. Pacchiarotti  L. Federici  S. Mascelloni 《地震工程与结构动力学》2002,31(8):1563-1582

A pseudodynamic testing procedure has been applied by which the seismic response of a base‐isolated building is obtained by using as specimen the isolators, while the superstructure is numerically simulated. The procedure also takes advantage of the continuous pseudodynamic testing capabilities of the ELSA laboratory, which increase the accuracy of the results and reduce the strain‐rate effect of the rubber bearings. A simple proportional correction of the measured forces compensates the remaining strain‐rate effect due to the unrealistic speed of the test. The correction factor is obtained by means of a characterizing test on the specific rubber isolators. The developed method has been successfully applied to the prediction of the seismic response of a base‐isolated four‐storey building submitted to several specified accelerograms. The results for those earthquakes as well as the effects of some changes of the parameters of the system are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

青藏公路路基变形分析   总被引：29，自引：8，他引：29  

俞祁浩  刘永智  童长江 《冰川冻土》2002,24(5):623-627

为研究青藏公路多年冻土人为上限在退化过程中对路基变形产生的影响过程和程度, 在唐古拉山以南选择了3处具有代表性的路面进行了为期2 a的路面变形观测. 资料表明, 在多年冻土人为上限退化过程中随着公路路基结构、冻土类型的不同, 路基变形从冻胀和融沉过程、冻胀量和融沉量、发生的时间都有很大的不同. 在高含冰量多年冻土区采用半挖半填结构产生的路基变形最为剧烈, 在含冰量相对少且采用较高路堤结构的地段路基变形过程相对平缓. 同时结合探地雷达的勘察结果对路基下的融化区、多年冻土区的内部结构进行了分析. 结果显示,多年冻土人为上限的下移、地下冰的融化会在多年冻土人为上限以上的地质体中导致较强烈的层间错动和扰动.  相似文献   

An experimental study of grain scale melt segregation mechanisms in two common crustal rock types   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

C. W. Holyoke  III    T. Rushmer 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2002,20(5):493-512

Creation of pathways for melt to migrate from its source is the necessary first step for transport of magma to the upper crust. To test the role of different dehydration‐melting reactions in the development of permeability during partial melting and deformation in the crust, we experimentally deformed two common crustal rock types. A muscovite‐biotite metapelite and a biotite gneiss were deformed at conditions below, at and above their fluid‐absent solidus. For the metapelite, temperatures ranged between 650 and 800 °C at P_c=700 MPa to investigate the muscovite‐dehydration melting reaction. For the biotite gneiss, temperatures ranged between 850 and 950 °C at P_c=1000 MPa to explore biotite dehydration‐melting under lower crustal conditions. Deformation for both sets of experiments was performed at the same strain rate (ε.) 1.37×10^?5 s^?1. In the presence of deformation, the positive ΔV and associated high dilational strain of the muscovite dehydration‐melting reaction produces an increase in melt pore pressure with partial melting of the metapelite. In contrast, the biotite dehydration‐melting reaction is not associated with a large dilational strain and during deformation and partial melting of the biotite gneiss melt pore pressure builds more gradually. Due to the different rates in pore pressure increase, melt‐enhanced deformation microstructures reflect the different dehydration melting reactions themselves. Permeability development in the two rocks differs because grain boundaries control melt distribution to a greater extent in the gneiss. Muscovite‐dehydration melting may develop melt pathways at low melt fractions due to a larger volume of melt, in comparison with biotite‐dehydration melting, generated at the solidus. This may be a viable physical mechanism in which rapid melt segregation from a metapelitic source rock can occur. Alternatively, the results from the gneiss experiments suggest continual draining of biotite‐derived magma from the lower crust with melt migration paths controlled by structural anisotropies in the protolith.  相似文献   

厚层覆盖区综合物化探方法找金试验研究——以广西兴安金石金矿为例     

胡云沪  罗先熔  王桂琴  杜建波  张小路 《矿产与地质》2002,(5)

在兴安金石金矿外围 4号分散流异常区 ,通过地电化学提取金测量法 ,查明测区存在 5个走向规模小于 5 0 m的金异常区 ,W( Au) 最大值为 72 .4× 10 - 9,高出背景值十几倍 ,并藉综合土壤吸附汞测量 ,高精度磁测和激发极化法等多种物化探方法来确定这些异常区的地质、地球化学和地球物理特征 ,提出金矿成矿的有利部位在金的地电提取高异常区、高汞量异常区、高磁性异常区、低视电阻率异常区和中等视极化率异常区的“三高一低一中”的找矿模式。确定测区的北北东角 (右下角 )一带具备有利的金矿成矿条件  相似文献   

Fluid permeability of sedimentary rocks in a complete stress–strain process     

J. -A. Wang  H. D. Park   《Engineering Geology》2002,63(3-4):291-300

The permeability of sedimentary rocks during triaxial compression tests was investigated to relate it to the complete strain–stress process. It was found that the permeability was not constant, but varied with the stress and strain states in the rocks. Prior to the peak strength, the permeability decreases with increasing load. A dramatic increase in permeability occurs during the strain softening period. In the present study, in situ measurements of fluid flow and pressure in floor strata was carried out in a double longwall mining face in the Yangzhuang colliery. These measurements show that both the strata pressure and the position with respect to the mining face influence the hydrogeologic properties. The permeability increased in the floor strata behind the mining face because those mining induced fractures opened as the strata pressure decreased. To better understand this change in hydraulic behavior around the mining faces, 3-D numerical modeling was carried out. The model provides the general picture of the stress distribution and failure zone both in the floor and roof strata. The field and model results demonstrate the importance of changes in the stress and strain states on the hydrogeology of a site.  相似文献   

川滇菱形块体边界的现今地壳形变   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10  

吕弋培  廖华  苏琴  王兰 《中国地震》2002,18(1):28-37

依据川滇菱形块体边界带上所有跨断层测量资料，分析了各场地所处断裂的近期形变特征，结果表明；川滇菱形块体北段形变活动逐渐减弱，南段逐渐加强，各条断裂分别显示出不同的变形特征；菱形块体的现今水平形变以左旋走滑运动为主，垂直形变速度较低，且呈上盘抬升与下降交替出现的运动特征，部分场地的形变异常变化与其邻近的地震活动密切相关。  相似文献   

地震前兆时空非均匀性指标Cv值的实验检验   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

王凯英  马胜利  刘力强  马瑾 《地震学报》2002,24(1):82-89

在双向加载条件下，对两种构造和介质不同的岩石标本进行变形实验，测量了标本表面不同部位的应变．在此基础上，利用王晓青和陈学忠等提出的描述地震前兆非均匀分布的参量————Cv值，分析了标本变形失稳过程中应变异常的分布，以期从实验角度检验Cv值方法并探讨其物理意义．研究表明，Cv值的变化与岩石变形特征的变化有关，是描述前兆分布非均匀性的一种有效指标；Cv值在失稳发生前先异常上升，然后下降，并在Cv值恢复过程中或恢复后伴随着失稳事件的发生．因此，Cv值是一种有效的预报指标．   相似文献   

由GPS观测结果推导中国大陆现今水平应变场   总被引：45，自引：4，他引：45  

杨国华  李延兴  韩月萍  胡新康  巩曰沐 《地震学报》2002,24(4):337-347

以中国大陆及周边近400个GPS测站的水平运动速率为基础，给出了现今地壳水平应变场结果表明:①中国大陆水平应变为西强东弱，剪应变数值大于正应变数值(绝对值)，应变量级一般为10-8/a，局部区域达到10-7/a，但应变分布不均匀；②南北向应变最突出的部位为中国西南部西段的喜马拉雅条带、西北部的36N~42N段及柴达木断块的北缘；③东西向应变西边缘变化最大．此外，由西向东还具有正负交替的变化特征；④REN(东-北向剪切应变)与Rmax(最大剪切应变)数值较大的区域分别是喜马拉雅条带、西北部的36N～42N段、柴达木断块的西部、川滇菱形块体，以及阿拉善、祁连及塔里木断块的交界区；⑤青藏块体周边以面收缩为主，内部则以面膨胀为主．其以北的地区以面收缩为主．西界数值最大，东部数值最小(除燕山构造带外)；⑥西部西区主压应变为南北向，主张应变为东西向．西部东缘区主压应变为近东西向，主张应变为近南北向．川滇菱形块体主应变的方向发生了很大的变化，北部地区为东西压南北张，南部地区则恰好相反；⑦中国大陆的应变模式可能是断块模式与连续模式的组合．此外，小尺度优势应变可能是剪切应变．造成上述结果除与印度板块的碰撞及边界耦合有关外，还与深部物质的活动及地壳介质的物性有密切的关系．必须指出，由于GPS测站在空间上分布的不均匀性，那么，由此而来的应变场，其应变尺度也不一样．   相似文献