深海滑坡灾害的物质点法模拟     

董友扣  马家杰  王栋  RANDOLPH Mark 《海洋工程》2019,37(5):141-147

深海滑坡可以沿着斜坡搬运大量沉积物,是危害巨大的海洋地质灾害之一。评估深海滑坡的流滑机制并量化分析其对海底结构物的冲击对海洋资源的开发利用至关重要。采用物质点法对滑坡的滑动特性进行了总应力分析。设计了三组不同的土体、海床参数,展现了三种不同的滑动形态:延展、块体和扩张。随后复现了流滑体对部分暴露管线的冲击过程,并对冲击力的稳定值进行了分析,分析中考虑了流滑体的惯性、抗剪强度和静压力的影响。研究表明,物质点法能够用于模拟深海滑坡的流滑过程及其对海底结构物的冲击,可以为海洋工程中的实际设计工作提供服务。  相似文献   

BEHAVIOUR OF NITRATE IN A HETEROGENEOUS FIELD SOIL: MEASUREMENTS AND MODELLING ON DIFFERENT SPATIAL SCALES     

JÜRG HOSANG 《水文研究》1996,10(9):1193-1208

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Limpets as prey: Lipophrys pholis choice for size     

Ana C. Silva  Ana C. Amador  Sónia Brazão  Claúdia Faria  Diana Boaventura 《Marine Ecology》2010,31(4):525-532

Patellid limpets are key species on rocky shores, structuring intertidal assemblages through their grazing. Their role as prey for fish is, however, often overlooked in studies of intertidal ecosystem functioning. The shanny Lipophrys pholis is a common predator of limpets on rocky shores in Northern Europe and, in this study, we examined the characteristics of its predation on limpets based on prey size. The limpet size range that adult L. pholis (10–12.5 cm) can eat was examined in the laboratory using Patella depressa in 0.2 cm classes, varying between 0.5 cm and 3.0 cm in maximum shell length. There was a limpet size refuge above 1.8 cm, while all smaller sizes were readily consumed by the shanny. The predator attacking behaviour was also examined and found to vary with prey size. Limpets up to 0.8 cm were crushed by the jaw‐constricting force and eaten whole, whereas larger prey were prised from the substratum and the body subsequently separated from the shell. To examine whether there was a L. pholis preference for P. depressa size, a two‐stage laboratory experiment was done using two size classes defined as small (0.7–0.8 cm maximum shell length) and large (1.5–1.6 cm maximum shell length). In the first stage, the predator was given each limpet size class separately. In the second stage, the fish was given a choice between the two classes. Lipophrys pholis was shown to have a preference for the large size class (1.5–1.6 cm). The average number of limpets consumed by the shanny was examined for the duration of one high‐tide typical of the central region of Portugal (≈ 4 h). On average, approximately five limpets (up to an eight limpet maximum) were consumed. The present study shows that L. pholis has a feeding preference based on limpet size, which suggests that the limpet population structure and intra‐ and inter‐specific interactions may be influenced by the shanny predation.  相似文献   

Behavioural adaptations in talitrids from two Atlantic beaches     

Claudia Rossano  Simone Gambineri  Lucia Fanini  Virginie Durier  Colette Rivault  Felicita Scapini 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009

The aim of the present study was to test sun orientation and rhythmic activity of two sandhopper populations from two Atlantic macro-tidal beaches. A population from Le Verger beach (orientated to 346°, Ille et Vilaine, Brittany, France) and a population from Damgan (orientated to 195°, Morbihan, Brittany, France), were tested on the beach under clear sky discriminating for landscape vision. For both populations locomotor activity rhythm was recorded in the laboratory. The two beaches differed for climatic features, tidal range and for human use. Both talitrid populations resulted very well orientated toward the shoreline, and both used solar position and landscape vision to orient. However the multiple regression analysis of orientation with climatic features showed a different use of local cues by the two populations and a slight influence of tidal regime (ebbing and rising tide), in spite of the supralittoral zonation of sandhoppers. In the laboratory they showed a well defined rhythmic behaviour as well as a bimodal rhythmicity, explained as a tidal one. These results are a new brick in the complex picture of orientation and rhythm studies on sandy beach invertebrates.  相似文献   

Extreme events as drivers of early human behaviour in Africa? The case for variability,not catastrophic drought     

David S. G. Thomas  Sallie L. Burrough  Adrian G. Parker 《第四纪科学杂志》2012,27(1):7-12

Extreme Late Quaternary climatic events, sometimes of considerable continental extent, are being proposed as major contributors to ancestral human behaviour, particularly migration, in Africa. Most recently, a catastrophic drought in the Afro‐Asian monsoon region has been proposed for 16 000–17 000 years ago, driven by global impacts of the Heinrich event 1 (H1), with potentially significant consequences for Palaeolithic cultures. We provide a new analysis of the assertion and find, on examination of a wide set of palaeoenvironmental records, that the scale and extent of the proposed drought is not supported. While some parts of the African tropics, close to the equator, do appear dry at this time, data for the tropics as a whole suggest markedly variable terrestrial conditions, with some environmental systems experiencing very positive hydrological excursions during H1. We contend that in the quest for evidence of climate drivers of ancestral human behaviour, the variability associated with spatially and temporally complex climatic conditions is a significant factor in itself. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The influence of dam and lakes on the Yangtze River streamflow: long‐range correlation and complexity analyses     

Qiang Zhang  Yu Zhou  Vijay P. Singh  Xiaohong Chen 《水文研究》2012,26(3):436-444

Employing long‐range correlation, complexity features and clustering, this study investigated the influence of dam and lake‐river systems on the Yangtze River flow. The impact of the Gezhouba Dam and the lake systems on streamflow was evaluated by analysing daily streamflow records at the Cuntan, the Yichang and the Datong station. Results indicated no evident influence of the Gezhouba Dam on streamflow changes. Distinct differences in scaling behaviour, long‐range correlation and clustering of streamflow at the Datong station when compared with those at the Cuntan and Yichang stations undoubtedly showed the influence of water storage and the buffering effect of the lake systems between the Datong station and other two hydrological stations on streamflow in the lower Yangtze River basin. Decreased regularity, enhanced long‐range correlation and increased clustering of streamflow in the lower Yangtze River basin due to the effect of water storage of the lake systems were corroborated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

In situ yield behaviour of a coal pillar     

David A. Newman 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1989,7(2):163-170

Summary An indication of the complete stress-strain behaviour of coal was obtained through instrumenting a headgate yield pillar and monitoring the changes in vertical and horizontal pillar stress, pillar strain, and roof-floor convergence as a function of time and distance from the moving longwall face. A semiautomated monitoring program was conducted over a 5 month period as the longwall face advanced toward and eventually passed the instrumented pillar. The development of a confined core and yield zone within the pillar was confirmed by the vertical and horizontal stress changes. Thein situ pre-failure (208 to 661 MPa) and post-failure moduli (55 to 208 MPa) of the coal were determined from the change in pillar stress versus pillar strain. Thein situ moduli are an order of magnitude lower than the 3450 MPa, commonly assumed for coal.  相似文献   

A note on some early radiosonde temperature observations in the Antarctic lower stratosphere     

H. R. Phillpot 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1989,130(2-3):171-180

The behaviour of the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere has attracted considerable interest, and been compared with the Northern Hemisphere, since the International Geophysical Year (1957–58) when the sudden (explosive or accelerated) springtime warming phenomenon in the Antarctic was first observed. Over the years studies of upper air temperature and wind observations have been made, principally through the spring months when the polar vortex breakdown occurs, utilising both ground-based (rawinsonde, rocket) and more recently, satellite-derived data. Although the radiosonde-derived temperature data are limited both by the number of reporting stations, and the practical difficulty of securing observations much above the 100 hPa level, useful records exist from 1956 or 1957. These have shown that in the 1959 southern spring, the lower stratosphere was relatively colder, and the warming rate through the season was essentially more regular, with little evidence of the marked but short-lived temperature fluctuations usually found. Similar, but not quite such wide-spread conditions occurred again in the 1961 spring. In another study, 30 hPa temperature fields over the Antarctic continent, which could be drawn for the 1967 spring, showed the complexity of the polar vortex breakdown. These features are recalled because extension of the 100 hPa springtime temperature series for the Australian Antarctic station at Casey (66.3°S, 110.5°E) shows that in 1985 and part of 1986, the temperature behaviour there was similar to, but not quite so extreme as that which occurred at Mirny (66.5°S, 93.0°E) in 1959.  相似文献   

吉林省中,新生代陆缘弧发展演化阶段及其类型划分     

孙永波 《吉林地质》1995,14(1):57-63

依吉林省中，新生代陆缘弧发展演化特征，将其划分为三个发展演化阶段，即陆缘弧隆断阶段（Ｔ３－Ｋ１）陆缘弧隆拗阶段（Ｋ２－Ｋ２）和陆缘弧裂解阶段（Ｅ－Ｑ）。根据陆缘弧发展演化过程中的性状变化特点，陆缘弧类型可相应地划分在挤压型陆缘弧，盆岭型陆缘弧和裂解型陆缘弧。  相似文献   

新疆黄山杂岩体矿物学特征及其意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

钟应先 《矿物岩石》1991,11(1):14-23

黄山杂岩体造岩矿物有橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、斜长石、角闪石和黑云母。其中斜方辉石的多色性不是由Fe~(2+)引起,而是由Ti~(4+)引起。单斜辉石结晶后常与岩浆继续发生化学反应,形成一种岩浆岩结构——角闪反应补丁结构。橄榄石中镍含量的亏损程度反映杂岩体曾经历过硫化物熔离作用。单斜辉石Si,Al~Ⅳ,Ti的变化表明杂岩体属于拉斑玄武岩系列。超镁铁岩中K,Ba,Th,Hf等元素反常的地球化学行为是由该岩石中黑云母矿物引起。  相似文献