Comparison of spectral and time domain calibration methods for precipitation‐discharge processes     

Jan J. Quets  Gabriëlle J. M. De Lannoy  Valentijn R. N. Pauwels 《水文研究》2010,24(8):1048-1062

Hydrological model parameter estimation is an important aspect in hydrologic modelling. Usually, parameters are estimated through an objective function minimization, quantifying the mismatch between the model results and the observations. The objective function choice has a large impact on the sensitivity analysis and calibration outcomes. In this study, it is assessed whether spectral objective functions can compete with an objective function in the time domain for optimization of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Three empirical spectral objective functions were applied, based on matching (i) Fourier amplitude spectra, (ii) periodograms and (iii) Fourier series of simulated and observed discharge time series. It is shown that most sensitive parameters and their optimal values are distinct for different objective functions. The best results were found through calibration with an objective function based on the square difference between the simulated and observed discharge Fourier series coefficients. The potential strengths and weaknesses of using a spectral objective function as compared to utilising a time domain objective function are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Influence of water flux and redox conditions on chlorobenzene concentrations in a contaminated streambed     

Christian Schmidt  Marion Martienssen  Edda Kalbus 《水文研究》2011,25(2):234-245

Significant natural attenuation may occur on the passage of groundwater plumes through streambed sediments because of the transition from anaerobic to aerobic conditions and an increased microbial activity. Varying directions and magnitudes of water flow in the streambed may enhance or inhibit the supply of oxygen to the streambed and thus influence the redox zoning. In a field study at a small stream in the industrial area of Bitterfeld‐Wolfen, we observed the variability of hydraulic gradients, streambed temperatures, redox conditions and monochlorobenzene (MCB) concentrations in the streambed over the course of 5 months. During the observation period, the hydrologic conditions changed from losing to gaining. Accordingly, the temperature‐derived water fluxes changed from recharge to discharge. Redox conditions were highly variable between ? 170 and 368 mV in the shallow streambed at a depth of 0·1 m below the streambed surface. Deeper in the streambed, at depths of 0·3 m and 0·5 m, the redox conditions were more stable between ? 198 and ? 81 mV and comparable to those typically found in the aquifer. MCB concentrations in the streambed at 0·3 and 0·5 m depth increased with increasing upward water flux. The MCB concentrations in the shallow streambed at 0·1 m depth appeared to be independent of the hydrologic conditions suggesting that degradation of MCB may have occured. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effect of moving storms on attainment of equilibrium discharge     

Kwan Tun Lee  Jen-Kuo Huang 《水文研究》2007,21(24):3357-3366

Although rainfall is assumed spatially uniform in conventional hydrological modelling for rainfall–runoff simulations, moving storms have been shown to have substantial influence on flow hydrographs. In this study, criteria for attainment of the equilibrium discharge from watersheds subjected to moving storms were examined. Non-linear numerical kinematic-wave models were developed to simulate runoff from an overland plane and from a V-shaped catchment. Dimensional analysis was applied to obtain the independent variables to be used as control factors in performing a series of numerical tests. The results indicate that, for storms moving downstream, runoff can attain equilibrium discharge even though the storm length is shorter than the watershed length and the rainfall duration is less than the time to equilibrium of the watershed for stationary uniform storms. The phenomenon of attainment of equilibrium discharge from watersheds subjected to moving storms is contradictory to conventional hydrologic design, which assumes the storm duration must equal the time to equilibrium to attain the maximum discharge. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Simulation of spatiotemporal dynamics of water fluxes in Germany under climate change     

Shaochun Huang  Valentina Krysanova  Hermann Österle  Fred F. Hattermann 《水文研究》2010,24(23):3289-3306

In most of Europe, an increase in average annual surface temperature of 0·8 °C is observed, and a further increase is projected. Precipitation tends to increase in northern Europe and decrease in southern Europe, with variable trends in central Europe. The climate scenarios for Germany suggest an increase in precipitation in western Germany and a decrease in eastern Germany, and a shift of precipitation from summer to winter. When investigating the effects of climate change, impacts on water resources are among the main concerns. In this study, the first German‐wide impact assessment of water fluxes dynamics under climate change is presented in a spatially and temporally distributed manner using the state‐of‐the‐art regional climate model, Statistical Regional (STAR) model and the semi‐distributed process‐based eco‐hydrological model, soil and water integrated model (SWIM). All large river basins in Germany (lower Rhine, upper Danube, Elbe, Weser and Ems) are included. A special focus of the study was on data availability, homogeneity of data sets, related uncertainty propagation in the model results and scenario‐related uncertainty. After the model calibration and validation (efficiency from 0·6 to 0·9 in 80% of cases) the water flow components were simulated at the hydrotope level, and the spatial distributions were compared with those in the Hydrological Atlas of Germany. The actual evapotransipration is likely to increase in most parts of Germany, while total runoff generation may decrease in south and east regions. The results for the second scenario period 2051–2060 show that water discharge in all six rivers would be 8–30% lower in summer and autumn compared with the reference period, and the strongest decline is expected for the Saale, Danube and Neckar. Higher winter flow is expected in all of these rivers, and the increase is most significant for the Ems (about 18%). However, the uncertainty of impacts, especially in winter and for high water flows, remains high. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

两广交界地区花岗岩中包体的类型，特征与成因   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

庞保成 《矿物岩石》2001,21(1):8-13

据包体岩相学及矿物学研究，包体岩石为角闪岩相到麻粒岩相的副变质岩，岩石类型有麻粒岩，变粒岩，片麻岩和富云包体，角闪岩相包体形成的温度为633度，压力为460Mpa-550MPa，麻粒岩包体形成的温度为781－883度，压力为530MPa-710MPa，包体为部分熔融形成寄主花岗岩岩浆的源区岩石列余，其中大容－十万大山地区角闪岩相－ 麻粒岩相包体岩石为区域动热变质成因；云开大山地区麻粒岩包体岩石为热穹隆变质成因。  相似文献   

深部热流体对油气成藏的影响   总被引：21，自引：2，他引：21  

高波  陶明信  王万春 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2001,20(1):30-34

深部热流体是一种由多元组分构成的超临界流体 ,其上升活动可使地球内部的物质与能量发生调整或再分配。对油气而言 ,深部热流体携带的高热能可使沉积盆地的古地温升高 ,加快烃源岩的热演化进程 ,增加有效烃源岩的体积 ,促进烃类的生成 ;在上升过程中 ,因其具很强的溶解和扩散能力 ,故可萃取、富集沉积物中的分散有机质 ,同时又对生烃产生显著的加氢作用 ,从而为油气的形成补充物源。此外 ,热流体与围岩储层发生化学反应 ,可改善储层的孔渗条件 ,有利于油气的聚集成藏 ,而且因其具有较高的压力和含水量 ,可抑制烃类的热裂解而有利于油气的保存。  相似文献   

Soil thermal properties at Kalpakkam in coastal South India     

K. Anandakumar  R. Venkatesan  Thara V. Prabha 《Journal of Earth System Science》2001,110(3):239-245

Time series of soil surface and subsurface temperatures, soil heat flux, net radiation, air temperature and wind speed were measured at two locations in Kalpakkam, coastal southeast India. The data were analysed to estimate soil thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity and soil heat flux. This paper describes the results and discusses their implications.  相似文献   

SST THERMAL FORCING – A DISCUSSION ON THE MECHANISM OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION     

张韧  余志豪  蒋全荣  蒋国荣 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2001,7(2):199-208

Dynamic and numerical methods are used to discuss the atmospheric response to SST thermal forcing. The results show that for planetary scale systems, the standing SST thermal forcing can quickly excite a stable atmospheric equilibrium state response, which is characterized by obvious large-scale teleconnection oscillation in east-west and south-north directions. For synoptic scale systems, the SST thermal forcing mainly excites the atmospheric low-frequency oscillation. Some basic relation and dynamic processes between SST thermal forcing and atmospheric response pattern are revealed and some new viewpoints are presented.  相似文献   

正热电离质谱同时测定硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素组成   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

尹德忠  肖应凯  逯海 《盐湖研究》2001,9(3):17-22

初步研究了一种硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素质谱测定的新方法。该法利用石墨的非还原热离子发射特性 ,建立了以测定 Cs2 NO2 + 离子的正热电离质谱测定硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素组成的过程 ,对方法的可行性、特点和存在的问题进行了讨论 ,并对几种测定氮和氧同位素的方法进行了比较。运用正热电离质谱法对几种不同厂家生产的硝酸盐试剂的氮和氧同位素组成进行了测定 ,发现氮和氧同位素组成存在较大的差异  相似文献   

扎陵湖、鄂陵湖对黄河源头年径流的影响   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

李万寿  冯玲  孙胜利 《地理学报》2001,56(1):75-82

黄河源头扎陵湖、鄂陵湖为吞吐湖泊，是黄河源头二大主要湖泊。对黄河源头年径流具有滞蓄、调节作用。利用黄河源头控制站黄河沿站和下游吉迈、唐乃亥、循化3个测站水文资料，依据年径流在地区上的变化特点，分析了扎、鄂二湖对黄河源头径流影响。①扎、鄂二湖滞蓄，改变了源头径流年内分配，使其均匀化；②在枯水年份，入湖水量小，加上湖面强烈蒸发，使得湖泊以下黄河沿站年径流量更小，致使枯水程度加剧，加大了年径流年际变化；③黄河沿站与下游吉迈站年径流丰、平、枯程度对比分析，二站丰、平、枯水年同步出现机率为78．8％，扎、鄂二湖没有改变源头黄河沿站年径流丰、枯规律，是年调节湖泊，不是多年调节湖泊。  相似文献