Volcanic plumes and wind: Jetstream interaction examples and implications for air traffic   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

M.I. Bursik  S.E. Kobs  A. Burns  O.A. Braitseva  L.I. Bazanova  I.V. Melekestsev  A. Kurbatov  D.C. Pieri 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009,186(1-2):60

Volcanic plumes interact with the wind at all scales. On smaller scales, wind affects local eddy structure; on larger scales, wind shapes the entire plume trajectory. The polar jets or jetstreams are regions of high [generally eastbound] winds that span the globe from 30 to 60° in latitude, centered at an altitude of about 10 km. They can be hundreds of kilometers wide, but as little as 1 km in thickness. Core windspeeds are up to 130 m/s. Modern transcontinental and transoceanic air routes are configured to take advantage of the jetstream. Eastbound commercial jets can save both time and fuel by flying within it; westbound aircraft generally seek to avoid it.Using both an integral model of plume motion that is formulated within a plume-centered coordinate system (BENT) as well as the Active Tracer High-resolution Atmospheric Model (ATHAM), we have calculated plume trajectories and rise heights under different wind conditions. Model plume trajectories compare well with the observed plume trajectory of the Sept 30/Oct 1, 1994, eruption of Kliuchevskoi Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia, for which measured maximum windspeed was 30–40 m/s at about 12 km. Tephra fall patterns for some prehistoric eruptions of Avachinsky Volcano, Kamchatka, and Inyo Craters, CA, USA, are anomalously elongated and inconsistent with simple models of tephra dispersal in a constant windfield. The Avachinsky deposit is modeled well by BENT using a windspeed that varies with height.Two potentially useful conclusions can be made about air routes and volcanic eruption plumes under jetstream conditions. The first is that by taking advantage of the jetstream, aircraft are flying within an airspace that is also preferentially occupied by volcanic eruption clouds and particles. The second is that, because eruptions with highly variable mass eruption rate pump volcanic particles into the jetstream under these conditions, it is difficult to constrain the tephra grain size distribution and mass loading present within a downwind volcanic plume or cloud that has interacted with the jetstream. Furthermore, anomalously large particles and high mass loadings could be present within the cloud, if it was in fact formed by an eruption with a high mass eruption rate. In terms of interpretation of tephra dispersal patterns, the results suggest that extremely elongated isopach or isopleth patterns may often be the result of eruption into the jetstream, and that estimation of the mass eruption rate from these elongated patterns should be considered cautiously.  相似文献   

Mechanism of explosive eruption revealed by geophysical observations at the Sakurajima,Suwanosejima and Semeru volcanoes     

Masato Iguchi  Hiroshi Yakiwara  Takeshi Tameguri  Muhamad Hendrasto  Jun-ichi Hirabayashi 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

A common sequence of phenomena associated with volcanic explosions is extracted based on seismic and ground deformation observations at 3 active volcanoes in Japan and Indonesia. Macroscopic inflation-related ground deformations are detected prior to individual explosions, while deflations are observed during eruptions. Precursory inflation occurs 5 min to several hours before eruption at the Sakurajima volcano, but just 1–2 min at Suwanosejima and 3–30 min at the Semeru volcano. The sequence commences with minor contraction, which is detected by extensometers 1.5 min before eruption at Sakurajima, as a dilatant first motion of the explosion earthquakes 0.2–0.3 s before surface explosions at Suwanosejima, and as downward tilt 4–5 s prior to eruption at the Semeru volcano. The sequence is detected for explosive eruptions with > 0.1 μrad tilt change at Sakurajima, 90% at Suwanosejima and 75% at Semeru volcanoes. It is inferred that the minor contraction is caused by a volume and pressure decrease due to the release of gas from a pocket at the top of the conduit as the gas pressure exceeds the strength of the confining plug. The subsequent violent expansion may be triggered by sudden outgassing of the water-saturated magma induced by the decrease in confining pressure.  相似文献   

The late Pleistocene pyroclastic deposits of the Campanian Plain: New insights into the explosive activity of Neapolitan volcanoes     

M.A. Di Vito  R. Sulpizio  G. Zanchetta  M. D'Orazio 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

The lithological and compositional characteristics of eighteen different pyroclastic deposits of Campanian origin, dated between 125 cal ky BP and 22 cal ky BP, were described. The pyroclastic deposits were correlated among different outcrops mainly located on the Apennine slopes that border the southern Campanian Plain. They were grouped in two main stratigraphic and chronologic intervals of regional significance: a) between Pomici di Base (22.03 cal ky BP; Somma–Vesuvius) and Campanian Ignimbrite (39 cal ky BP; Campi Flegrei) eruptions; and b) older than Campanian Ignimbrite eruption. Three new ¹⁴C AMS datings support the proposed correlations. Six eruptions were attributed to the Pomici di Base-Campanian Ignimbrite stratigraphic interval, while twelve eruptions are older than Campanian Ignimbrite. Of the studied deposits two originated from Ischia island, five are related to Campi Flegrei, and three to Somma–Vesuvius. Two eruptions have an uncertain correlation with Somma–Vesuvius or Campi Flegrei, while six eruptions remain of uncertain source. Minimum volumes of five eruptions were assessed, ranging between 0.5 km³ and 4 km³. Two of the studied deposits were correlated with Y-3 and X-5 tephra layers, which are widely dispersed in the central Mediterranean area. The new stratigraphic and chronologic data provide an upgraded chrono-stratigraphy for the explosive activity of Neapolitan volcanoes in the period between 125 and 22 cal ky BP.  相似文献   

Characterizing high energy explosive eruptions at Stromboli volcano using multidisciplinary data: An example from the 9 January 2005 explosion     

D. Andronico  R.A. CorsaroA. Cristaldi  M. Polacci 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Stromboli is well known for its persistent, normal explosive activity, consisting of intermittent, mild to moderate, Strombolian explosions that typically occur every 10–20 min. All tephras erupted during this activity usually fall back into the crater terrace, and consist of volatile-poor scoriae fed by Highly Porphyritic (HP) magma. More occasionally, large explosions or “paroxysms” eject a greater quantity of tephra, mainly consisting of HP scoriae and pumice clasts of Low Porphyritic (LP) magma, but also including large lithic blocks. In addition to this activity, between 2004 and 2006 high energy explosions, displaying an intermediate eruptive style between that of normal and paroxysmal explosions in terms of column height, duration and tephra dispersal, were observed to occur at a frequency of one to eight events per year. While many volcanological, geochemical and geophysical studies have focused in the last few years on the two end-members of activity, i.e. normal or paroxysmal, a detailed investigation on these intermediate types of events has not been carried out yet. Here we report of a study on the 9 January 2005 explosion, one of the high energy explosions during which the main fountaining phase lasted nearly a minute causing ejection of coarse bombs up to a height of 120 m, and of ash and lapilli to > 200 m. An accompanying ash plume rose up to 500 m at the end of the explosion. We present a multidisciplinary approach that integrates the results from analysis of live-camera images with compositional and textural characterization of the erupted products. Major element composition of glassy groundmass and 3D views of textures in the erupted scoriae support the hypothesis based on volcanological observations that this explosion falls between normal and paroxysmal activity, for which we use the term “intermediate”. By comparing the video-camera images of the 9 January 2005 explosion with volcanological features of other high energy explosions that occurred at Stromboli between June 2004 and October 2006, we find that three additional events can be considered intermediate explosions, suggesting that this type of activity may be fairly common on this volcano. The results of this study, although preliminary given our limited dataset, clearly indicate that the methodology used here can be successfully applied to better define the range of eruptive styles typifying the normal explosive activity, potentially improving our capability of eruption forecasting and assessing volcanic hazard at Stromboli.  相似文献   

平邑盆地下第三系官中段核形石成因分析   总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23  

李熙哲  管守锐 《岩石学报》2000,16(2):261-268

平邑盆地下第三系官中段核形石较为发育,类型多样。通过对其内部结构的研究发现核形石单元纹层有六种类型,作为核心的藻类仅在顶端发生碎屑粘结效应,而其底部则发育厚度小,规则的暗色纹层。纹层组合类型多样,主要受藻类发育程度,水动力强度和藻类种属的控制,是不同水动力环境下的产物。根据颗粒大小、纹层组合类型纹层层数、填隙物将核形石分为浅水高能成因核形石和较深水低能成因核形石。核形石成因分析和分类对沉积环境的判  相似文献   

考虑热传导和焦耳耗散对太阳爆发事件的进一步研究     

金曙平  郝蕾  沈俊太 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2000,20(1)

考虑焦耳耗散和热传导效应后对太阳爆发事件作进一步研究．数值结果表明,焦耳加热效应使等离子体团温度升高,热传导则将热量从高温区向低温区传输,同时考虑焦耳加热与热传导效应,模拟结果与作者1996年的结论（磁岛的运动方向与浮现场的温度、密度有关．磁岛向上运动撤离计算域或向下运动淹没于光球层,分别有向上或向下的高速流与之相对应）基本类似．这不仅揭示了磁通量对消与高速流产生的动力学原因、对红移、蓝移分量的非对称性作出合理解释,而且能更好地体现爆发事件中高速流的观测特征．  相似文献   

天津蓟县洪水庄组微古植物群     

孙淑芬 《华北地质》2000,(3)

在天津蓟县洪水庄组页岩中发现微古植物共计 33属 61种 ,其中新种 2个。利用页岩磨片法获得了新的古生物信息。其微古植物组合特征可分为五大类型 :球形类约占 4 7.7%、线形类约占 19.5%、多面体类约占 16.7%、异形类约占 10 .9%、船形类约占 5.1%。该微古植物群组合面貌反映了前寒武纪微生物的分化程度和进化水平 ,提供了地球早期真核生物发生和发展的重要信息。  相似文献   

Statistical characteristics of austral summer cyclones in Southern Ocean     

KUO Ying-Hwa 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2012,11(2):118-128

Characteristics of cyclones and explosively developing cyclones (or ’bombs’) over the Southern Ocean in austral summer (December, January and February) from 2004 to 2008 are analyzed by using the Final Analysis (FNL) data produced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) of the United States. Statistical results show that both cyclones and explosively developing cyclones frequently develop in January, and most of them occur within the latitudinal zone between 55°S and 70°S. These cyclones gradually approach the Antarctic Continent from December to February. Generally cyclones and bombs move east-southeastward with some exceptions of northeastward movement. The lifetime of cyclones is around 2-6 d, and the horizontal scale is about 1000 km. Explosive cyclones have the lifetime of about 1 week with the horizontal scale reaching up to 3000 km. Compared with cyclones developed in the Northern Hemisphere, cyclones over the southern ocean have much higher occurrence frequency, lower central pressure and larger horizontal scale, which may be caused by the unique geographical features of the Southern Hemisphere.  相似文献   

深部硬煤掘进工作面煤与瓦斯突出机制探讨     

李定启 《岩土力学》2014,35(Z1):1-7

为深入探讨硬煤的煤与瓦斯突出机制,对深部硬煤掘进工作面煤与瓦斯突出的相关理论和模型试验进行研究。根据断裂力学、岩石力学及煤与瓦斯突出有关理论,提出深部开采过程中硬煤掘进工作面薄板理论假设,并将该理论应用于深部硬煤掘进工作面煤与瓦斯突出模拟试验研究。对硬煤掘进工作面薄板理论分析,认为工作面尺寸、煤的弹性模量、围岩侧压系数、瓦斯压力等因素对硬煤掘进工作面突出具有较大影响。试验结果表明,在围岩应力、煤的坚固性系数较大的情况下,硬煤突出临界条件主要受围岩应力、煤的弹性模量、围岩侧压系数及工作面尺寸等因素影响,而受瓦斯压力影响相对较小;在围岩应力、试样的坚固性系数较大且煤的弹性模量和侧压系数稳定不变的情况下,发生突出的临界轴向应力随模拟工作面尺寸增大而近似呈线性减小。试验结论基本符合本硬煤突出薄板模型理论公式,在一定程度上验证了硬煤掘进工作面煤薄板模型理论及硬煤掘进工作面突出机制假设。  相似文献   

复杂环境下浅埋暗挖隧道穿越薄富含水层冻结温度场研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

袁云辉  杨平  江天堑 《岩土力学》2010,31(Z1):388-393

提出了南京地铁2号线新街口－上海路隧道穿越薄富含水层冻结法止水加固方案,利用ADINA有限元软件对该浅埋暗挖隧道涌水段建立冻结温度场数值模型,分析了冻结管间距、冻结盐水温度、冻结管直径对冻结壁发展速率、冻结壁厚度、平均温度的影响,以此为基础对冻结参数开展优化设计,并获得成功应用。研究结果表明：利用人工冻结技术能够有效解决这一特殊岩土工程难题。为了在支护段获得有效地止水冻土帷幕,冻结管间距应小于等于1 m;冻结工程中采取-30℃的盐水温度既能满足需冷量,又能符合经济性要求;采取大直径的冻结管对增加冻土墙厚度与降低冻土壁平均温度的影响并不显著。  相似文献