Factors affecting channel infiltration of floodwaters in Nahal Zin basin,Negev desert,Israel          下载免费PDF全文

Uri Schwartz 《水文研究》2016,30(20):3704-3716

Although floods in arid environments have been documented, considerable uncertainties still exist as to the floodwater and in‐channel infiltration relationships. In desert alluvial channels, the prime cause of flood discharge attenuation is water loss by infiltration into the alluvium. The present study documents flows in Nahal Zin, Israel, their infiltration into the channel bed, and the resultant change in the alluvium moisture content. The study uses a systematic combination of two experimental scales, the cross‐section scale and the reach scale. Direct measurements of moisture distribution in the active channel during floods were made using time domain reflectometry. Twelve flow events were recorded. Flow patterns and their respective alluvium moisture content were analysed. A trench was dug in the alluvium for the study of alluvium properties and time domain reflectometry sensor installation. The alluvium was characterized in terms of size distribution and sediment stratigraphy, structure, and composition. Two main alluvial structures (closed and open) affected the advance of the wetting front and water losses. Alluvial units with an open structure (clast‐supported) reached their maximum moisture content faster than closed structure units (matrix‐supported). Small‐sized particles and matrix‐supported layers reduced infiltration rate. The measured velocities of the wetting front were 0.33 and 2.88 m h^?1 for small and large floods respectively. The wetting front moved downward. Lateral movement was negligible. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effect of permeability–porosity functions on simulated morphological evolution of a chemical dissolution front          下载免费PDF全文

Keng‐Hsin Lai  Jui‐Sheng Chen  Chen‐Wuing Liu  Suh‐Yuh Yang 《水文研究》2014,28(1):16-24

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A general solution for groundwater flow in an estuarine's leaky aquifer system after considering aquifer anisotropy          下载免费PDF全文

Po‐Chia Chen  Mo‐Hsiung Chuang  Yih‐Chi Tan  Kuo‐Chen Ma 《水文研究》2016,30(12):1862-1871

This paper presents an analytical model for describing the tidal effects in a two‐dimensional leaky confined aquifer system in an estuarine delta where ocean and river meet. This system has an unconfined aquifer on top and a confined aquifer on the bottom with an aquitard in between the two. The unconfined and confined aquifers interact with each other through leakage. It was assumed that the aquitard storage was negligible and that the leakage was linearly proportional to the head difference between the unconfined and confined aquifers. This model's solution was based on the separation of variables method. Two existing solutions that deal with the head fluctuation in one‐dimensional or two‐dimensional leaky confined aquifers are shown as special cases in the present solution. Based on this new solution, the dynamic effect of the water table's fluctuations can be clearly explored, as well as the influence of leakage on the behaviour of fluctuations in groundwater levels in the leaky aquifer system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

一次低槽冷锋层状云系结构和过冷水分布特征的模拟研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘涛  孙晶  周毓荃  彭冲  闫非 《气象》2015,41(10):1232-1244

本文利用耦合了CAMS云微物理方案的WRF中尺度模式的模拟结果结合飞机、卫星、雷达、地面雨量等观测资料,对2012年9月25日山西一次低槽弱冷锋降水层状云系的宏微观结构和过冷水分布特征进行分析,试图研究低槽冷锋层状云系结构特征及过冷水形成的宏微观条件,为人工增雨作业提供依据。模拟的天气形势、降水、云顶温度、雷达回波、水成物的演变与实测基本一致。结果表明：此次降水过程的系统为低槽弱冷锋,且锋面后倾,位于锋前的云系前部为高层冷云,云顶温度-40℃左右,以冰相粒子组成,没有降水;锋区云系变成高层冷暖混合云,冷区以少量过冷水和大量冰相粒子组成,地面降水最大;处于锋后的云系后部为高层冷云,云顶温度-30℃左右,不存在过冷水,以较少冰相粒子组成,地面降水较弱。过冷水主要分布在锋面前方低于-5℃层,高度偏低、含量偏少,过冷水一方面因垂直上升速度供应水汽维持,另一方面因冰相粒子的凝华而消耗。过冷水层及其下部上升运动较弱、而其上部上升运动较强,不利于在过冷区长时间维持大量液态水,反而促使冰相粒子发展旺盛,此处水汽相对水面不饱和、相对冰面饱和,大量冰相粒子消耗水汽,不利于过冷水的存在,导致云场仅存在少量过冷水。本次过程中,冰核浓度的增大仅增大冰晶浓度,对雪霰含量及-5~0℃的过冷水几乎没有影响。  相似文献   

Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

WANG Ning  ZHANG Yaocun 《大气科学进展》2015,32(3):336-348

The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China.  相似文献   

我国阵风锋类型与产生机制分析及其主观识别方法   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

席宝珠  俞小鼎  孙力  许洁 《气象》2015,41(2):133-142

文章总结了近些年我国学者对阵风锋所开展的相关研究,阐明了阵风锋的空间结构、类型及其特征,探讨了阵风锋窄带回波的形成机制,提出了阵风锋的主观识别方法,结果表明:从雷达探测资料分析,可将阵风锋分为两类,一类是雷暴母体静止型阵风锋,一类是雷暴母体运动型阵风锋,而前者还可以进一步分为两个子类型。阵风锋类型不同,阵风锋对雷暴母体的反馈作用也截然不同。阵风锋窄带回波的形成可概括为两种机制:第一种是大气折射指数梯度脉动导致的布拉格散射(Bragg Scattering),第二种是由昆虫对雷达波的粒子散射(Particle Scattering)导致。利用阵风锋雷达强度和径向速度回波特征,可以识别阵风锋的位置和范围,并对其外推做出预报。由于阵风锋是低层大气现象,所以需要应用较低仰角的雷达资料来识别。利用阵风锋雷达回波特征,配合气象卫星高分辨率可见光云图上呈现的中尺度对流云团和弧状云线的变化,结合地面中尺度观测网资料,可以综合识别阵风锋的形成、发展和消散。  相似文献   

滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的锋生机制分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

杜正静  何玉龙  熊方  邓晓红  石开银  彭倩 《高原气象》2015,34(2):357-367

利用卫星云图、常规地面观测资料和逐6 h的1°×1°NCEP再分析资料,对2003-2006年春季滇黔准静止锋背景下,出现的5次贵州暴雨天气过程进行了诊断分析和总结。结果表明:在准静止锋背景下,贵州春季暴雨是由高低空急流、高空槽、冷空气与准静止锋的共同作用产生的。低空急流将大量的水汽从孟加拉湾和北部湾输送到贵州,不断积累对流有效位能;高空急流的加速增强了"高层辐散、低层辐合"的大尺度上升运动,并通过急流下侧的正环流圈带动冷空气南下,使得准静止锋活跃锋生,是暴雨天气过程的触发机制。锋生现象分析表明,高空急流加速导致对流层中高层极锋锋区内锋生和对流层中层正环流圈的形成,加强了准静止锋附近的水平变形和垂直运动,进而促使锋生加强。水平变形和垂直运动对暴雨的产生也有直接影响:水平变形项范围越大则降雨强度越强,与垂直运动相关的倾斜项移动与在准静止锋附近生成的强对流云团的移动方向一致。准静止锋与贵州春季的暴雨过程关系密切,暴雨落区集中分布在准静止锋南侧1个纬距带内。高空急流加速度、冷锋附近的水汽辐合强度以及对流有效位能的高能舌区范围对暴雨范围和强度有指示作用。基于以上锋生机制,提炼了滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的物理模型。  相似文献   

辽河油田锦99块扇三角洲前缘储层层次分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

兰志勤  杨少春  王燕 《沉积与特提斯地质》2015,35(4):77-84

辽河油田锦99块沙河街组四段上亚段杜家台油层是典型的扇三角洲前缘沉积,主要由扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道和河道砂坝组成。依据高分辨率层序地层学和储层构型理论,采用层次分析方法,对锦99块沙四上亚段扇三角洲前缘砂体构型界面进行了层次表征。综合利用岩心资料和测井资料,识别出11种岩相类型和4种岩相组合。根据高频湖泛面、冲刷面、粒序突变面和岩相转换面将沙四上亚段Ⅰ3砂层组和Ⅱ1砂层组划分为6个短期旋回、15个超短期旋回。在等时格架内,建立了扇三角洲前缘储层5级构型界面层次,层次界面以三级和四级为主,四级界面分布较稳定,三级界面零星分布。总结出两种层次界面分布模式:较稳定分布的界面和随机型分布的界面。储层层次分析为研究区构型约束建模提供了依据。  相似文献   

华北地台早古生代竹叶状灰岩岩石特征及成因研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

余宽宏  畅通  邱隆伟  孙沛沛 《沉积学报》2015,33(6):1111-1125

砾屑灰岩在华北地台寒武系-奥陶系广泛发育,竹叶状灰岩只是其中一种,且所指范围界限模糊,常与其他类型的砾屑灰岩伴生在一起。古代陆表海提供了砾屑灰岩广泛发育的环境基础。潮坪和潮下开阔海是陆表海广泛发育的基本地貌单元,也是砾屑灰岩形成的重要场所。古板块运动表明,寒武纪华北地台处于低纬度地区,符合古风暴频发的要求。风暴及潮汐流是砾屑灰岩形成的主要动力。另外,成岩过程中的压实和固结脱水也是板条状砾屑的重要成因。条带状薄层灰泥石灰岩与泥岩及泥质灰岩的频繁互层是发生破碎并形成砾屑的物质基础。华北地台砾屑灰岩具有多种成因,可以按照砾屑的颜色特征、形态及磨圆程度、砾屑灰岩的支撑结构、充填物的类型等进行区分并进行成因分析。  相似文献   

副热带高压影响下陕西关中强对流发生的环境场特征及触发机制     

赵强  陈小婷  王楠  彭力 《气象》2022,48(1):28-43

2015—2018年陕西关中出现了4次副热带高压(以下简称副高)影响下的强对流天气,造成局部地质灾害和城市内涝,全球模式对短时暴雨出现了漏报.利用ERA5再分析资料(0.25°×0.25°)、地面加密自动站和西安站多普勒天气雷达等资料,分析此类强对流的环境场特征和触发机制,为预报预警提供思路.分析结果表明:陕西关中副高...  相似文献