正压模式中大地形作用下的低频波   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

付遵涛  王树涛 《高原气象》1998,17(3):223-230

利用包含大地形和常数纬向基本气流的正压模式方程组,研究了大地形对低频波激发的作用,结果表明：起作用的地形因子主要是地形的最大高度和地形坡度,地形最大高度的作用主要是使Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波趋向低频,而地形坡度的作用主要是对Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的稳定性决定作用。同时,适当地形坡度也可导致低频波的形成。  相似文献   

不同地形下辐射收支各分量的差异与变化   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

傅抱璞 《大气科学》1998,22(2):178-190

给出了确定山区辐射收支各分量的方法,并根据计算结果分析了在不同纬度和季节各种地形下辐射收支各分量的差异及其随坡地倾角或谷地周围地形遮蔽角的变化规律。  相似文献   

可持续发展观与传统发展观的反思与对比   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

任建兰 《地理科学进展》1998,17(3):69-73

本文论述了两种发展观产生的历史背景,在总结传统发展观的基础上,重点分析了可持续发展观的深层和表象特征,提出了人类推动社会持续发展所应坚持的理论与实践准则。  相似文献   

中国古村落景观的空间意象研究^*   总被引：53，自引：6，他引：47  

刘沛林  董双双 《地理研究》1998,17(1):31-38

引入“意象”(image)的概念,借助从感觉形式研究聚落空间形象的方法,对中国古村落景观的多维空间立体图象作了初步研究。文章把中国古村落景观的基本意象概括为:①山水意象,②生态意象,③宗族意象,④趋吉意象等四个方面;并对不同地域古村落景观意象的差异作了比较。  相似文献   

湖北强降水频次时空特征及基于GWR模型的地形关系分析     

谌伟  刘佩廷  徐枝芳  徐迎春  杨海鹏 《热带气象学报》2022,38(2):216-226

利用1983—2017年湖北省汛期74个国家气象站逐小时降水数据,按长、短历时强降水事件分类研究强降水频次的时空特征,并运用普通最小二乘法(OLS)、地理加权回归(GWR)方法定量探讨强降水频次与地形因子之间的关系。(1) 湖北汛期长、短历时强降水年频次周期变化明显,年代际变化(≥10 a)存在1个主振荡模态,年代际以下尺度(＜10 a)存在2个主振荡模态。(2) 长历时强降水旬频次在梅雨期达到顶峰,盛夏期减少,而短历时则在梅雨结束后的7月中旬出现跃升;长、短历时强降水频次日变化曲线都为单峰结构。(3) 湖北长、短历时强降水高频次站点多出现在地面存在准常定中尺度辐合线或涡旋的特定地形条件下。(4) 地理加权回归较传统普通最小二乘法显著提高了强降水频次与海拔高度、坡度的拟合效果。结合拟合系数显著性检验分析,地理加权回归不适用于样本偏少、站点稀疏的鄂西山地,更适用于多中小尺度地形的湖北中东部。(5) 地理加权回归模型中,海拔高度与长历时强降水频次在大别山东麓西侧正相关最大,在大别山西麓南侧负相关最大,坡度则正相反;海拔高度、坡度对短历时强降水频次的最大影响在大别山东麓西侧以及沿长江干流的低洼城市带武汉-黄石地区,武汉站分别为-0.20次/米、6.43次/度,这里地形坡度影响远超海拔高度。   相似文献   

Review and discussion of homogenisation methods for climate data     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2016

  相似文献   

Comparison of different numerical approaches to the 1D sea-ice thermodynamics problem     

《Ocean Modelling》2015

The vertical one-dimensional sea-ice thermodynamic problem using the principle of conservation of enthalpy is revisited here using (1) the Bitz and Lipscomb (1999) finite-difference approach (FD), (2) a reformulation of the sigma-level transformation of Huwald et al. (2005b) (FV) and (3) a Finite Element approach also in sigma coordinates (FE). These three formulations are compared in terms of physics, numerics, and performance, in order to identify the best choice for large-scale climate models. The BL99 formulation sequentially treats the diffusion of heat and the changes in the vertical position of the ice-snow layers. In contrast, the FV sigma-level transformation elegantly treats both simultaneously. The original FV formulation suffers however from slow convergence. The convergence can nonetheless be improved significantly with a few simple modifications to the original code. The three formulations are compared following the experimental protocol of the Sea Ice Model Intercomparison Project for ice thermodynamics (SIMIP2). It is found that all formulations converge to the same solution. The FD approach, however, suffers from the added cost of the remapping step at large number of ice layers (we include in the appendix an optimized version of the FD code–written by one of the reviewer–that resolves this issue). Finally the FE formulation results in a sub-surface temperature over-estimation at low resolution, a problem which disappears at high resolution. Hence, only FD and FV are found suitable for climate models.  相似文献   

Comparison of two modeling approaches for groundwater–surface water interactions     

C. Guay  M. Nastev  C. Paniconi  M. Sulis 《水文研究》2013,27(16):2258-2270

An assessment of interactions between groundwater and surface water was carried out by applying two different modeling approaches to a small‐scale study area in the municipality of Havelock, Quebec. The first approach involved a commonly used sequential procedure that consists in determining the daily recharge rate using a quasi 2D infiltration model (HELP), applied in the next step as an imposed flux to a 3D finite‐element groundwater flow model. The flow model was calibrated under steady‐state and transient conditions against measured water levels. The second approach was based on a recently developed physically based, 3D fully coupled groundwater–surface water flow model (CATHY) applied to the entire flow domain in an integrated manner. Implementation, calibration, and results of the simulations for both approaches are presented and discussed. For equal annual precipitation (1038 mm/y) and evapotranspiration (556 mm/y), the second approach computed a recharge rate of 233 mm/y (8.9% higher than the first approach) and a net upward flow from the fractured aquifer (the first approach predicted a net downward flow to the rock). The simulated annual discharge was similar for the two approaches (9.6% difference). Both approaches were found to be useful in understanding the interactions between groundwater and surface water, although limitations are apparent in the sequential procedure's inability to account for surface–subsurface feedbacks, for instance near stream reaches where groundwater discharge is prevalent. The decoupled, two‐model approach provides disaggregated surface, vadose, and aquifer flows, and a simple aperçu at the different components of total discharge. The fully coupled model accounts for continuous water exchanges between the land surface, subsurface, and stream channel in a more complex manner, and produces a better match against observed data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatio‐temporal variability of piezometric response on two steep alpine hillslopes          下载免费PDF全文

N. Mantese  L. Hopp  G. Dalla Fontana  M. Borga 《水文研究》2015,29(2):198-211

Information on the main drivers of subsurface flow generation on hillslopes of alpine headwater catchments is still missing. Therefore, the dominant factors controlling the water table response to precipitation at the hillslope scale in the alpine Bridge Creek Catchment, Northern Italy, were investigated. Two steep hillslopes of similar size, soil properties and vegetation cover but contrasting topography were instrumented with 24 piezometric wells. Sixty‐three (63) rainfall‐runoff events were selected over three years in the snow‐free months to analyse the influence of rainfall depth, antecedent moisture conditions, hillslope topographic characteristics and soil depth on shallow water table dynamics. Piezometric response, expressed as percentage of well activation and water peak magnitude, was strongly correlated with soil moisture status, as described by an index combining antecedent soil moisture and rainfall depth. Hillslope topography was found to be a dominant control only for the convex‐divergent hillslope and during wet conditions. Timing of water table response depended primarily on soil depth and topographic position, with piezometric peak response occurring later and showing a greater temporal variability at the hillslope bottom, characterized by thicker soil. The relationship between mean hillslope water table level and standard deviation for all wells reflected the timing of the water table response at the different locations along the hillslopes. The outcomes of this research contribute to a better understanding of the controls on piezometric response at the hillslope scale in steep terrain and its role on the hydrological functioning of the study catchment and of other sites with similar physiographic characteristics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatio‐temporal changes in bog pool bottom topography – temperature effect and its influence on pool development: an example from a raised bog in Estonia          下载免费PDF全文

Edgar Karofeld  Hannes Tõnisson 《水文研究》2014,28(3):958-968

Increases in pool water and peat temperature in summer accelerate peat decomposition and production of biogenic gases, which can be trapped in peat pores and cause oscillation of peatland surfaces and the rise of peat from the bottom of bog pools. Associated changes in peat water conductivity, holding capacity and transpiration also affect bog hydrology. Our multi‐year study is the first to show in detail the extent and dynamics of changes in bog pool depth and bottom topography associated with changes in temperature, peat type and other factors. The true seasonal rise of peat from the pool bottom begins once the water temperature at the pool bottom exceeds 13–14 °C, although the speed and extent of the rise depends on peat properties, making the rise more erratic than its subsequent descent. The more rapid descent occurs after the first large drop in the temperature of the pool's surface water at the end of summer, resulting from the combination of reduced methane production and increased gas solubility with less influence by peat properties. Much higher dissolved organic carbon concentrations (216 ± 26 mg l^?1) in the pore water of peat risen from the bottom to the pool surface compared with that in the same type of peat at the pool bottom (62 ± 20 mg l^?1) indicate an acceleration of peat decomposition at the warmer pool surface. We show the extent and character of changes in pool depth and bottom topography and how annual differences relate to temperature. Only a few degrees' increase in pool water temperature could induce the pool bottom to rise faster and more extensively for a longer period and enhance decomposition in the peat at the pool surface. This should be evaluated in greater detail to assess the effects of temperature increase on the carbon budget and hydrology of peatlands. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献