Inter‐comparison of hydro‐climatic regimes across northern catchments: synchronicity,resistance and resilience     

Sean K. Carey  Doerthe Tetzlaff  Jan Seibert  Chris Soulsby  Jim Buttle  Hjalmar Laudon  Jeff McDonnell  Kevin McGuire  Daniel Caissie  Jamie Shanley  Mike Kennedy  Kevin Devito  John W. Pomeroy 《水文研究》2010,24(24):3591-3602

The higher mid‐latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are particularly sensitive to climate change as small differences in temperature determine frozen ground status, precipitation phase, and the magnitude and timing of snow accumulation and melt. An international inter‐catchment comparison program, North‐Watch, seeks to improve our understanding of the sensitivity of northern catchments to climate change by examining their hydrological and biogeochemical responses. The catchments are located in Sweden (Krycklan), Scotland (Mharcaidh, Girnock and Strontian), the United States (Sleepers River, Hubbard Brook and HJ Andrews) and Canada (Catamaran, Dorset and Wolf Creek). This briefing presents the initial stage of the North‐Watch program, which focuses on how these catchments collect, store and release water and identify ‘types’ of hydro‐climatic catchment response. At most sites, a 10‐year data of daily precipitation, discharge and temperature were compiled and evaporation and storage were calculated. Inter‐annual and seasonal patterns of hydrological processes were assessed via normalized fluxes and standard flow metrics. At the annual‐scale, relations between temperature, precipitation and discharge were compared, highlighting the role of seasonality, wetness and snow/frozen ground. The seasonal pattern and synchronicity of fluxes at the monthly scale provided insight into system memory and the role of storage. We identified types of catchments that rapidly translate precipitation into runoff and others that more readily store water for delayed release. Synchronicity and variance of rainfall–runoff patterns were characterized by the coefficient of variation (cv) of monthly fluxes and correlation coefficients. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed clustering among like catchments in terms of functioning, largely controlled by two components that (i) reflect temperature and precipitation gradients and the correlation of monthly precipitation and discharge and (ii) the seasonality of precipitation and storage. By advancing the ecological concepts of resistance and resilience for catchment functioning, results provided a conceptual framework for understanding susceptibility to hydrological change across northern catchments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Wetlandscape hydrologic dynamics driven by shallow groundwater and landscape topography     

Leonardo E. Bertassello  P. Suresh C. Rao  James W. Jawitz  Antoine F. Aubeneau  Gianluca Botter 《水文研究》2020,34(6):1460-1474

Wetlands play an important role in watershed eco-hydrology. The occurrence and distribution of wetlands in a landscape are affected by the surface topography and the hydro-climatic conditions. Here, we propose a minimalist probabilistic approach to describe the dynamic behaviour of wetlandscape attributes, including number of inundated wetlands and the statistical properties of wetland stage, surface area, perimeter, and storage volume. The method relies on two major assumptions: (a) wetland bottom hydrologic resistance is negligible; and (b) groundwater level is parallel to the mean terrain elevation. The approach links the number of inundated wetlands (depressions with water) to the distribution of wetland bottoms and divides, and the position of the shallow water table. We compared the wetlandscape attribute dynamics estimated from the probabilistic approach to those determined from a parsimonious hydrologic model for groundwater-dominated wetlands. We test the reliability of the assumptions of both models using data from six cypress dome wetlands in the Green Swamp Wildlife Management Area, Florida. The results of the hydrologic model for groundwater-dominated wetlands showed that the number of inundated wetlands has a unimodal dependence on the groundwater level, as predicted by the probabilistic approach. The proposed models provide a quantitative basis to understand the physical processes that drive the spatiotemporal hydrologic dynamics in wetlandscapes impacted by shallow groundwater fluctuations. Emergent patterns in wetlandscape hydrologic dynamics are of key importance not only for the conservation of water resources, but also for a wide range of eco-hydrological services provided by connectivity between wetlands and their surrounding uplands.  相似文献   

Soil moisture response to snowmelt timing in mixed‐conifer subalpine forests          下载免费PDF全文

Adrian A. Harpold  Noah P. Molotch  Keith N. Musselman  Roger C. Bales  Peter B. Kirchner  Marcy Litvak  Paul D. Brooks 《水文研究》2015,29(12):2782-2798

Western US forest ecosystems and downstream water supplies are reliant on seasonal snowmelt. Complex feedbacks govern forest–snow interactions in which forests influence the distribution of snow and the timing of snowmelt but are also sensitive to snow water availability. Notwithstanding, few studies have investigated the influence of forest structure on snow distribution, snowmelt and soil moisture response. Using a multi‐year record from co‐located observations of snow depth and soil moisture, we evaluated the influence of forest‐canopy position on snow accumulation and snow depth depletion, and associated controls on the timing of soil moisture response at Boulder Creek, Colorado, Jemez River Basin, New Mexico, and the Wolverton Basin, California. Forest‐canopy controls on snow accumulation led to 12–42 cm greater peak snow depths in open versus under‐canopy positions. Differences in accumulation and melt across sites resulted in earlier snow disappearance in open positions at Jemez and earlier snow disappearance in under‐canopy positions at Boulder and Wolverton sites. Irrespective of net snow accumulation, we found that peak annual soil moisture was nearly synchronous with the date of snow disappearance at all sites with an average deviation of 12, 3 and 22 days at Jemez, Boulder and Wolverton sites, respectively. Interestingly, sites in the Sierra Nevada showed peak soil moisture prior to snow disappearance at both our intensive study site and the nearby snow telemetry stations. Our results imply that the duration of soil water stress may increase as regional warming or forest disturbance lead to earlier snow disappearance and soil moisture recession in subalpine forests. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

利用低温热史恢复大别造山带晚白垩世以来的古高度     

丁汝鑫  陈国能  周祖翼  许长海 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2012,(Z1):247-253

造山带古高度的恢复对研究造山过程与古气候有重要意义。利用低温年代学热史数据恢复大别造山带晚白垩世以来的古高度。恢复流程包括将大别造山带低温热史模拟曲线数字化,提取时间温度数据,通过空间插值方法计算研究区域平均剥露厚度,再通过挠曲均衡校正,计算平均古高度变化量,最后通过2维积分计算古地形波幅降低量。结果显示:90 Ma至今,大别造山带平均剥露厚度达约5.44 km,而古地形平均高度降低2.86～4.16 km,古地形波幅降低的上限为4.49～6.53 km。  相似文献   

宁芜和庐枞火山岩盆地玢岩铁矿矿床地球化学特征及其成矿动力学背景探讨   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

陈津华  曾键年  王思源  李锦伟  邱金亮  张燕 《地质科技情报》2012,31(1):86-94

玢岩铁矿是我国铁矿的一个重要成矿类型,宁芜和庐枞火山岩盆地是长江中下游地区玢岩铁矿的主要矿集区.对宁芜和庐枞盆地的构造分析结果表明,NNE向断裂和NW向断裂控制了区内的岩浆活动,断裂的交汇部位往往是玢岩铁矿产出的有利空间.综合对比了宁芜和庐枞地区玢岩铁矿成矿岩体的主量元素、稀土元素以及铅同位素特征,表明其具有相似的地球化学特征和共同的物质来源.稀土元素特征表明两盆地玢岩铁矿的成矿物质主要来源于地幔或下地壳;Pb同位素特征则进一步说明其与EM-Ⅱ型富集地幔具有密切关系.宁芜和庐枞盆地在燕山期受太平洋板块俯冲作用的影响,成矿作用受岩浆活动所控制.两盆地玢岩铁矿成矿作用的差异,可能是由于其受地壳物质混染程度不同所致.  相似文献   

Crystal Structure and Chemical Composition of Ludwigite from Vranovac Ore Deposit (Boranja Mountain,Serbia)     

Pavle TAN?I?  Radovan DIMITRIJEVI?  Maja POZNANOVI?  Aleksandar PA?EVSKI  Slobodanka SUDAR 《《地质学报》英文版》2012,86(6):1524-1538

The crystal structure of ludwigite from Vranovac ore deposit (Boranja Mt., Serbia) was refined using the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) Rietveld method in the space group Pbam to a final RB=7.45% and RF=5.26%. It has the unit cell dimensions of: a=9.2515(2) ?; b=12.3109(2) ?; c=3.03712(7) ?; and V=345.91(1) ?3. The calculated distances and angles are mostly in good agreement with the Mg2+-Fe2+ substitutions across the M(1) and M(3) sites, as well as with the Fe3+-Al3+ replacement in the M(4) site. However, the mean observed M(2)-O distance is considerably shorter than prescribed, due to a slight increase of the Fe3+ content in the M(2) site. Such replacement was compensated by slight increase of the Fe2+ content in the M(4) site, resulting in the (Mg1.48Fe2+0.46Fe3+0.05Mn0.02)2.01(Fe3+0.94Fe2+0.04Al0.02)1.00B1.00O5 composition. The formation temperature was estimated to be about 500–600°C. The influences of the various chemical compositions to the crystallographic parameters, M-O distances, M(3) and M(4) sites shift, distortion parameters and estimated valences, were also studied and compared with other reference samples.  相似文献   

GPS-RTK无验潮快速水下地形勘测肢术在码头建设中的应用     

庄立贤 《福建地质》2012,31(3):269-272

简要介绍GPS-RTK无验潮快速水下地形勘测技术和施工要求,GPS-RTK与相应测深仪器配合能自动采集实时三维座标、时间等数据,提高了作业效率和测量点位精度,达到预期成果质量精度。  相似文献   

江苏省南京市江宁区汤山金矿地质特征及找矿前景分析     

赵青友 《矿产与地质》2012,26(1):52-61

文章通过对江苏省南京市江宁区汤山金矿矿区地质特征、矿体地质特征、围岩蚀变及矿床成因、成矿控矿条件的分析研究,并与国内外＂卡林型＂金矿进行对比。汤山金矿与＂卡林型＂金矿有较多的相似之处,论述了在该矿区探索和寻找＂卡林型＂金矿的前景。  相似文献   

基于MODIS的新疆地表温度时空变化特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

康紫薇  张正勇  刘琳  王统霞  田浩  陈泓瑾  张雪莹 《地理研究》2022,41(4):997-1017

地表温度（LST）作为陆地环境相互作用过程研究中的重要地学参量,其时空分异与下垫面属性、地形地貌格局等息息相关。本文基于2000—2020年MOD11C3数据,采用GIS空间分析、空间重心模型及改进的半径法等手段,对新疆地区月、季、年及昼夜等序列时空尺度LST的分布特征及变化趋势进行研究,并借助LUCC、DEM等多源遥感数据进一步探讨各类下垫面、不同地貌单元及部分典型区域的LST垂直递减率、增减温及热（冷）岛效应等地理特征。结果表明：① 研究期间新疆年均LST为9.45 ℃,呈减温和增温趋势的区域分别占研究区面积的13.3%和86.7%,增温区域占绝大部分,故近20年研究区整体呈升温趋势（0.024 ℃·a^-1）,较全国高出约0.01 ℃·a^-1,其中春季增幅最大,冬季次之;夜间LST变化明显强于白天,春、夏两季昼夜温差均大于23.7 ℃,而冬季最小（约15 ℃）;研究区年际高、低温重心迁移轨迹大多分布于LST变幅较大区域,各月LST空间分布及高低温重心转移轨迹均表现出以7月为中点的年内强对称性规律。② 不同下垫面地表冷热环境空间分布差异较显著。其中以荒漠和裸土为主的未利用地年均LST最高（13.42 ℃）且昼夜温差最大（23.6 ℃）,高寒区冰川年均LST最低（-7 ℃）且昼夜温差（14.3 ℃）最小,其他下垫面年均LST在2.6~11 ℃之间,昼夜温差较小且较一致（平均16.75 ℃）。③ 东西走向的“三山夹两盆”地貌结构,使新疆LST的纬度地带规律被大幅削弱。研究区各山区（群）LST垂直递减率不尽相同,地处较高纬的阿尔泰山递变（0.63 ℃/100 m）最明显,山体高大的帕喀昆阿山群递变（0.57 ℃/100 m）次之,天山山脉递变（0.54 ℃/100 m）最小。另外各山区（群）山麓处均出现了不同程度的逆温现象,而山腰处LST垂直递减率线性拟合效果最佳。④ 本研究所选取的部分典型城市大都表现出不同程度的热岛效应。其中乌鲁木齐市热岛效应最为强烈,伊宁市其次,哈密市最微弱,而阿克苏市则表现出绿洲城市冷岛效应,但各城市热（冷）岛效应均存在一定环数（8环）范围的冷、热岛足迹。  相似文献   

基于机器学习的贫困地区识别算法对比——以陕西省为例     

赵雨  白宇  员学锋 《地理科学》2022,42(8):1421-1432

以传统社会经济指标为主导的贫困识别依赖于详尽的普查抽查数据,收集和处理不同质量和数量的普查抽查数据来研究区域贫困需要耗费大量的人力物力和时间,难以快速动态地监测贫困状态。然而时间分辨率高且客观易获取的夜间灯光数据可以在一定程度上弥补统计数据的劣势,即时地反映地表社会经济现象。机器学习算法能够从这些数据中学习出规律和模式,从中挖掘出潜在信息来识别贫困地区。基于陕西省NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据,通过构造多维统计变量,利用逻辑回归、支持向量机、K近邻、随机森林、决策树和梯度提升树6种监督分类算法识别贫困地区。结果表明从夜间灯光数据提取的多维特征能够更好的应用于贫困地区的识别,6种算法都能够准确的识别贫困地区,分类结果在空间上具有相似性,且表现出一定的地域性,分类准确度达到76.82%~83.20%。根据混淆矩阵进一步对比各个算法的特点,认为随机森林算法在误差偏移和分类精度等方面综合表现最佳。  相似文献