中国三北地区荒漠化区域分类与发展趋势综合研究   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8  

李智佩  岳乐平  聂浩刚  王岷  孙虎  王飞跃 《西北地质》2002,35(4):135-153

中国北方土地荒漠化主要受青藏高原隆升以来形成的构造－沉积特征、水文地质条件、全球气候变化、尤其是亚洲季风等地质背景控制。本文仅对北方沙质荒漠化、水蚀荒漠化两种主要的荒漠化类型的区域地质分布、成因及其发展趋势进行探讨。三北地区沙质荒漠化依成因可分为：就地起沙型、风沙侵入型和土地粗粒化型等。就地起沙型沙质荒漠化主要分布在西部内陆盆地周缘冲洪积扇上，中东部高原、冲积平原上的沙漠边缘地带、沙地内部和流经这些沙漠和沙地的古河道，以及河湖相砂质沉积物和以砂质沉积物为母质的土壤分布区；风沙侵入型沙质荒漠化主要分布在上述沙漠、沙地边缘的下风地带，如巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠的东南缘、毛乌素沙地以南的覆沙黄土区、科尔沁沙地以东的辽河平原等；土地粗化主要分布在西部盆地沙漠与戈壁的过渡地带、中东部高原砾质沙草原。沙质荒漠化在毛乌素、科尔沁和浑善达克等沙地、河西走廊的局部地区有所逆转，但三北地区总体上仍呈恶化趋势，尤其是以地表土壤粗化为主的沙质荒漠化的发展更应引起人们的关注。水蚀荒漠化依地质背景之不同可分为土漠化和岩漠化两类，前者主要分布在北方中部黄土高原地区、内蒙古科尔沁沙地南侧的黄土分布区等；后者主要分布于太行山北部、辽宁西北部的基岩山区。晋陕蒙交界地带、甘肃平凉北部、定西地区和科尔沁沙地东南的蒙辽交界处等地水蚀荒漠化形势严峻；以小流域水土流失为主的治理工程使陕西的吴旗、延安、洛川等地和朝阳河中上游地区水蚀荒漠化有所好转。总之，第四纪以来的构造－沉积特征控制着不同类型荒漠化的区域分布，气候变化和水文地质条件控制着漠化的进程，人类不合理的经济活动则更是荒漠化过程的催化剂，尽管在局部、在一定的时间段内可使这一过程得以缓解甚至逆转。  相似文献   

Research Status and Future Trends of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development in China: Visual Analysis based on CiteSpace     

ZHANG Quan  BAI Dongmei  PENG Xiaoxue 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2021,12(3):419-429

As an important foundation for promoting social progress and economic development, natural resources play an important role in the sustainable development of cities. However, the increasing demand of human beings for natural resources has led to various ecological environmental problems, such as excessive population density, serious environmental pollution, the continuous decline of total natural resources and per capita resources, all of which have hindered sustainable development. Therefore, the study of natural resources and sustainable development has become the focus of many current scholars. In this paper, CiteSpace is used as an analysis tool to analyze the literature on natural resources and sustainable development over the past 20 years. First of all, this paper deeply analyzes the research status of this field in terms of academic research trends, authors and research institutions, co-occurrence of keywords, etc., and on this basis, it then deeply analyzes its evolutionary path and research hot spots in the past 20 years through keyword emergence. Finally, according to the visualization of the analysis results, the future development trends of this research field are speculated: (1) Grasp the current research focus; (2) Improve the research accuracy; (3) Enrich the theoretical system of research; and (4) Establish an interdisciplinary research system.  相似文献   

我国地理信息产业现状分析   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

钟耳顺  刘利 《测绘科学》2008,33(1):17-20

本文在对我国地理信息产业规模、主体、技术、人才等方面进行调查的基础上,分析了我国地理信息产业发展的总体现状,研究了我国地理信息产业发展的主要动力和发展方向,从基础地理信息资源、地理信息产权、市场机制、安全保密等方面指出了我国地理信息产业发展亟待解决的几个问题。  相似文献   

Meteorological inventory of rain-on-snow events in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and satellite detection assessment using passive microwave data     

Caroline Dolant  A. Langlois  L. Brucker  A. Royer  A. Roy  B. Montpetit 《自然地理学》2018,39(5):428-444

The spatial and temporal distributions of rain-on-snow (ROS) events across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) remain poorly understood owing to their sporadic nature in time and space. This situation motivated the development of remote sensing detection algorithms. This paper uses a large meteorological dataset across the CAA to adapt an existing ROS-detection algorithm developed in a previous study by our group. Results highlight the spatial distribution and evolution of ROS occurrences reported since 1985 at 14 weather stations across the CAA. Results show that >600 ROS events were inventoried since 1985, for which >70% were classified as pure rain (liquid form) and 30% as mixed precipitation (solid/liquid). Of the pure rain events, 75% occurred during spring, 14% during fall, 8% during summer and <1% during winter. Such events can have significant impacts on ungulate grazing conditions through the creation of ice layers, causing serious problems for caribou calf survival, especially during the migration period. This paper introduces an adaptation for larger scale Arctic application of a detection algorithm (sensitivity analysis on the detection threshold) with an error of ~5%. The validation, however, remains limited due to a short study period and limited number of sites.  相似文献   

全球生态系统的状况与趋势   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张永民  赵士洞 《地球科学进展》2007,22(4):403-409

简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）项目状况与趋势工作组的报告《生态系统与人类福祉：现状与趋势》中的第3部分，即“对提供生态系统服务的各类系统的评估”。评估结果表明，在20世纪的后50年，全球生态系统的变化幅度和速度皆超过了人类历史上有记录的任何一个相等时间段的情况，目前人类活动实际上已经显著地改变了地球上的所有生态系统。这些变化主要表现在：① 大约1/4的地球陆地表层已经转变为垦殖系统，而且在1950年之后的30年中，转变为农田的土地面积比1700—1850年这150年间转变的总和还要多；②全球大多数的重要流域，由于水资源利用造成的栖息地丧失与破碎化，以及由于养分、沉积物、盐分及有毒物质造成的污染，已经显著地破坏了河流、湖泊和盐水沼泽等湿地生态系统的功能与生物多样性；③ 旱区系统存在着水资源匮乏、过度垦殖、过度放牧和过度砍伐树木等问题，生态状况尤其令人担忧；④ 栖息地的丧失与破碎化、过度开发、污染以及气候变化，已经对海滨系统造成了严重的生态威胁；⑤ 不可持续的农业开发模式，已经严重地破坏了热带森林生态系统的结构与功能。  相似文献   

国际河流开发和管理趋势   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

陈丽晖  李红  何大明 《云南地理环境研究》2001,13(1):20-27

国际河流分布广,其流域占全球陆地面积的比例大,许多国际河流是多国大河,开发程度存在差异,且随国家经济边界的变化,其数目及其跨越国家数目相应变化。国际河流开发和管理相对于国家河流具有其特征,并由此带来跨境问题。随着流域系统观和可持续发展思想的深入,以及世界国际河流开发和管理的实践经验与教训,国际河流开发和管理呈现以下发展趋势：（1）从单一目标向社会、经济和生态多目标转变;从短期转向长期的、可持续发展目标;从商品价值目标转向包括非商品价值的目标;（2）不仅包括自然要素,还包括了与其相关的社会、人文要素。要求考虑开发和管理中各要素之间的相关性,以及与其相关的社会、人文要素;（3）从单一国家的开发转向多方参与、多国联合开发,并提出整体开发方式,并且具有多方参与的特征,包括有影响力、奖金和技术能力的国际机构、学术组织、非政府组织、私人投资者和社区团体等;（4）管理对象从技术管理向人的管理方向转变;（5）管理范围从流域的一部分,扩大到全流域,甚至扩大到整个地区流域各国而不仅仅是沿岸国之间,从单纯的流域内考虑转向更广泛的区域范围;（6）新的理论和技术支持。  相似文献   

软化岩土介质的应变局部化研究进展--意义·现状·应变梯度   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5  

赵冰  李宁  盛国刚 《岩土力学》2005,26(3):494-499

如何准确描述岩土的应变软化已是岩土力学研究的难题,而岩土介质的软化性状与应变局部化的产生和发展直接相关。阐述了研究岩土材料的软化性状的意义以及岩土材料的软化与应变局部化的关系。从实验研究、理论建模和数值模拟三方面综述应变局部化在岩土力学中的研究现状;说明应变局部化发生时考虑应变梯度的必要性;就应变局部化研究在岩土力学中的发展趋势提出初步看法。  相似文献   

北黄海西部海底沉积物的粒度特征和净输运趋势   总被引：52，自引：4，他引：48  

程鹏  高抒 《海洋与湖沼》2000,31(6):604-615

根据对北黄西部海底沉积物的粒度测试,运用“粒度趋势分析”方法,分析探讨了北黄海西部（渤海海峡区）海底表层底质的粒度分布特征和净输运趋势,结果表明,本区的细颗粒沉积物主要位于北黄海中部和山东半岛沿岸,大连湾附近,粗颗粒沉积物则主要分布于庙岛群岛以东和大连湾东南侧海区,沉积物的平均粒径、分选系数、偏态系数闰度参数的分布特征有一定的对应性,除庙岛群东侧的砂质沉积,分选较好之外,其它海区的沉积物总体特征是,粒径越粗,分选越差,偏态更正偏;而粒径越细,分选越好,偏态系数也较低。山 岛北侧的沉积物具有向东和向东北的输运趋势,西中沉积物的输运趋势向东南并转向东,北部喾物的输运趋势向南,形成了向北黄海中部汇聚的趋势,本碛研究还表明“粒度趋势分析”方法在大范围的陆架区域具有较好的适用性,在操作中,使用规则的正方形网格可以较全面判  相似文献   

我国河流湖泊污染的防治技术及发展趋势   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  

董晓丹  周琪  周晓东 《地质与资源》2004,13(1):26-29

我国河流湖泊污染现状为V类和劣V类水质占七大水系(辽河、海河、淮河、黄河、松花江、珠江、长江)主要断面的50%以上,高中营养化湖泊占被调查湖泊的85%以上,河流湖泊污染状况十分严峻.目前河流湖泊采取的污染防治技术措施主要有:削减截流污染源、完善城市排水系统和建设污水处理厂、河流低泥疏浚、河道曝气技术、生物修复技术、水生植被恢复工程、引清冲淡等等.生物生态技术将在河流湖泊污染防治及生态恢复中发挥重要的作用.  相似文献   

CHOSEN: A synthesis of hydrometeorological data from intensively monitored catchments and comparative analysis of hydrologic extremes     

Liang Zhang  Edom Moges  James W. Kirchner  Elizabeth Coda  Tianchi Liu  Adam S. Wymore  Zexuan Xu  Laurel G. Larsen 《水文研究》2021,35(11):e14429

Comparative hydrology has been hampered by limited availability of geographically extensive, intercompatible monitoring data on comprehensive water balance stores and fluxes. These limitations have, for example, restricted comprehensive assessment of multiple dimensions of wetting and drying related to climate change and hampered understanding of why widespread changes in precipitation extremes are uncorrelated with changes in streamflow extremes. Here, we address this knowledge gap and underlying data gap by developing a new data synthesis product and using that product to detect trends in the frequencies and magnitudes of a comprehensive set of hydroclimatic and hydrologic extremes. CHOSEN (Comprehensive Hydrologic Observatory Sensor Network) is a database of streamflow, soil moisture, and other hydroclimatic and hydrologic variables from 30 study areas across the United States. An accompanying data pipeline provides a reproducible, semi-automated approach for assimilating data from multiple sources, performing quality assurance and control, gap-filling and writing to a standard format. Based on the analysis of extreme events in the CHOSEN dataset, we detected hotspots, characterized by unusually large proportions of monitored variables exhibiting trends, in the Pacific Northwest, New England, Florida and Alaska. Extreme streamflow wetting and drying trends exhibited regional coherence. Drying trends in the Pacific Northwest and Southeast were often associated with trends in soil moisture and precipitation (Pacific Northwest) and evapotranspiration-related variables (Southeast). In contrast, wetting trends in the upper Midwest and the Rocky Mountains showed few univariate associations with other hydroclimatic extremes, but their latitudes and elevations suggested the importance of changing snowmelt characteristics. On the whole, observed trends are incompatible with a ‘drying-in-dry, wetting-in-wet’ paradigm for climate-induced hydrologic changes over land. Our analysis underscores the need for more extensive, longer-term observational data for soil moisture, snow and evapotranspiration.  相似文献