Analyses of trends and causes for variations in runoff and sediment load of the Yellow River   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

Hongling Shi  Chunhong Hu  Yangui Wang  Cheng Liu  Huimei Li 《国际泥沙研究》2017,32(2)

Due to the impacts of globe climate change and human activities, dramatic variations in runoff and sediment load were observed for the Yellow River. Analyses of nearly 65 years' data measured at main hydrologic-stations on the Yellow River from 1950 to 2014 indicated that, except for the Tangnaihai station in the head region, sharp downward trends existed in both the annual runoff and annual sedi-ment load according to the Mann–Kendal trend test;and their abrupt changes occurred in 1986 and in 1980, respectively, according to the rank sum test. Factors affecting the changes in the runoff and sediment load were very complicated. Results indicated that the reducing precipitation and the increasing water consumption were the main causes for the runoff decline, while the impoundment of the Longyangxia Reservoir and its combined operation with the Liujiaxia Reservoir exerted a direct bearing on the abrupt change in the annual runoff. In addition to the sediment load decrease associated with the runoff reduction, the reduced storm intensity, the conducted soil erosion control, and the constructed dam buildings all played an important role in the trends and abrupt changes of sediment load decline.  相似文献   

Plankton, from the last ice age to the year 3007     

Pielou  E. C. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2008,65(3):296-301

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全球生态系统的状况与趋势   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张永民  赵士洞 《地球科学进展》2007,22(4):403-409

简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）项目状况与趋势工作组的报告《生态系统与人类福祉：现状与趋势》中的第3部分，即“对提供生态系统服务的各类系统的评估”。评估结果表明，在20世纪的后50年，全球生态系统的变化幅度和速度皆超过了人类历史上有记录的任何一个相等时间段的情况，目前人类活动实际上已经显著地改变了地球上的所有生态系统。这些变化主要表现在：① 大约1/4的地球陆地表层已经转变为垦殖系统，而且在1950年之后的30年中，转变为农田的土地面积比1700—1850年这150年间转变的总和还要多；②全球大多数的重要流域，由于水资源利用造成的栖息地丧失与破碎化，以及由于养分、沉积物、盐分及有毒物质造成的污染，已经显著地破坏了河流、湖泊和盐水沼泽等湿地生态系统的功能与生物多样性；③ 旱区系统存在着水资源匮乏、过度垦殖、过度放牧和过度砍伐树木等问题，生态状况尤其令人担忧；④ 栖息地的丧失与破碎化、过度开发、污染以及气候变化，已经对海滨系统造成了严重的生态威胁；⑤ 不可持续的农业开发模式，已经严重地破坏了热带森林生态系统的结构与功能。  相似文献   

国际河流开发和管理趋势   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

陈丽晖  李红  何大明 《云南地理环境研究》2001,13(1):20-27

国际河流分布广,其流域占全球陆地面积的比例大,许多国际河流是多国大河,开发程度存在差异,且随国家经济边界的变化,其数目及其跨越国家数目相应变化。国际河流开发和管理相对于国家河流具有其特征,并由此带来跨境问题。随着流域系统观和可持续发展思想的深入,以及世界国际河流开发和管理的实践经验与教训,国际河流开发和管理呈现以下发展趋势：（1）从单一目标向社会、经济和生态多目标转变;从短期转向长期的、可持续发展目标;从商品价值目标转向包括非商品价值的目标;（2）不仅包括自然要素,还包括了与其相关的社会、人文要素。要求考虑开发和管理中各要素之间的相关性,以及与其相关的社会、人文要素;（3）从单一国家的开发转向多方参与、多国联合开发,并提出整体开发方式,并且具有多方参与的特征,包括有影响力、奖金和技术能力的国际机构、学术组织、非政府组织、私人投资者和社区团体等;（4）管理对象从技术管理向人的管理方向转变;（5）管理范围从流域的一部分,扩大到全流域,甚至扩大到整个地区流域各国而不仅仅是沿岸国之间,从单纯的流域内考虑转向更广泛的区域范围;（6）新的理论和技术支持。  相似文献   

软化岩土介质的应变局部化研究进展--意义·现状·应变梯度   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5  

赵冰  李宁  盛国刚 《岩土力学》2005,26(3):494-499

如何准确描述岩土的应变软化已是岩土力学研究的难题,而岩土介质的软化性状与应变局部化的产生和发展直接相关。阐述了研究岩土材料的软化性状的意义以及岩土材料的软化与应变局部化的关系。从实验研究、理论建模和数值模拟三方面综述应变局部化在岩土力学中的研究现状;说明应变局部化发生时考虑应变梯度的必要性;就应变局部化研究在岩土力学中的发展趋势提出初步看法。  相似文献   

北黄海西部海底沉积物的粒度特征和净输运趋势   总被引：52，自引：4，他引：48  

程鹏  高抒 《海洋与湖沼》2000,31(6):604-615

根据对北黄西部海底沉积物的粒度测试,运用“粒度趋势分析”方法,分析探讨了北黄海西部（渤海海峡区）海底表层底质的粒度分布特征和净输运趋势,结果表明,本区的细颗粒沉积物主要位于北黄海中部和山东半岛沿岸,大连湾附近,粗颗粒沉积物则主要分布于庙岛群岛以东和大连湾东南侧海区,沉积物的平均粒径、分选系数、偏态系数闰度参数的分布特征有一定的对应性,除庙岛群东侧的砂质沉积,分选较好之外,其它海区的沉积物总体特征是,粒径越粗,分选越差,偏态更正偏;而粒径越细,分选越好,偏态系数也较低。山 岛北侧的沉积物具有向东和向东北的输运趋势,西中沉积物的输运趋势向东南并转向东,北部喾物的输运趋势向南,形成了向北黄海中部汇聚的趋势,本碛研究还表明“粒度趋势分析”方法在大范围的陆架区域具有较好的适用性,在操作中,使用规则的正方形网格可以较全面判  相似文献   

我国河流湖泊污染的防治技术及发展趋势   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  

董晓丹  周琪  周晓东 《地质与资源》2004,13(1):26-29

我国河流湖泊污染现状为V类和劣V类水质占七大水系(辽河、海河、淮河、黄河、松花江、珠江、长江)主要断面的50%以上,高中营养化湖泊占被调查湖泊的85%以上,河流湖泊污染状况十分严峻.目前河流湖泊采取的污染防治技术措施主要有:削减截流污染源、完善城市排水系统和建设污水处理厂、河流低泥疏浚、河道曝气技术、生物修复技术、水生植被恢复工程、引清冲淡等等.生物生态技术将在河流湖泊污染防治及生态恢复中发挥重要的作用.  相似文献   

CHOSEN: A synthesis of hydrometeorological data from intensively monitored catchments and comparative analysis of hydrologic extremes     

Liang Zhang  Edom Moges  James W. Kirchner  Elizabeth Coda  Tianchi Liu  Adam S. Wymore  Zexuan Xu  Laurel G. Larsen 《水文研究》2021,35(11):e14429

Comparative hydrology has been hampered by limited availability of geographically extensive, intercompatible monitoring data on comprehensive water balance stores and fluxes. These limitations have, for example, restricted comprehensive assessment of multiple dimensions of wetting and drying related to climate change and hampered understanding of why widespread changes in precipitation extremes are uncorrelated with changes in streamflow extremes. Here, we address this knowledge gap and underlying data gap by developing a new data synthesis product and using that product to detect trends in the frequencies and magnitudes of a comprehensive set of hydroclimatic and hydrologic extremes. CHOSEN (Comprehensive Hydrologic Observatory Sensor Network) is a database of streamflow, soil moisture, and other hydroclimatic and hydrologic variables from 30 study areas across the United States. An accompanying data pipeline provides a reproducible, semi-automated approach for assimilating data from multiple sources, performing quality assurance and control, gap-filling and writing to a standard format. Based on the analysis of extreme events in the CHOSEN dataset, we detected hotspots, characterized by unusually large proportions of monitored variables exhibiting trends, in the Pacific Northwest, New England, Florida and Alaska. Extreme streamflow wetting and drying trends exhibited regional coherence. Drying trends in the Pacific Northwest and Southeast were often associated with trends in soil moisture and precipitation (Pacific Northwest) and evapotranspiration-related variables (Southeast). In contrast, wetting trends in the upper Midwest and the Rocky Mountains showed few univariate associations with other hydroclimatic extremes, but their latitudes and elevations suggested the importance of changing snowmelt characteristics. On the whole, observed trends are incompatible with a ‘drying-in-dry, wetting-in-wet’ paradigm for climate-induced hydrologic changes over land. Our analysis underscores the need for more extensive, longer-term observational data for soil moisture, snow and evapotranspiration.  相似文献   

Changes to flood peaks of a mountain river: implications for analysis of the 2013 flood in the Upper Bow River,Canada          下载免费PDF全文

Paul H. Whitfield  John W. Pomeroy 《水文研究》2016,30(25):4657-4673

The mountain headwater Bow River at Banff, Alberta, Canada, was subject to a large flood in June 2013, over which considerable debate has ensued regarding its probability of occurrence. It is therefore instructive to consider what information long‐term streamflow discharge records provide about environmental change in the Upper Bow River basin above Banff. Though protected as part of Banff National Park, since 1885, the basin has experienced considerable climate and land cover changes, each of which has the potential to impact observations, and hence the interpretations of flood probability. The Bow River at Banff hydrometric station is one of Canada's longest‐operating reference hydrological basin network stations and so has great value for assessing changes in flow regime over time. Furthermore, the station measures a river that provides an extremely important water supply for Calgary and irrigation district downstream and so is of great interest for assessing regional water security. These records were examined for changes in several flood attributes and to determine whether flow changes may have been related to landscape change within the basin as caused by forest fires, conversion from grasslands to forest with fire suppression, and regional climate variations and/or trends. Floods in the Upper Bow River are generated by both snowmelt and rain‐on‐snow (ROS) events, the latter type which include flood events generated by spatially and temporally large storms such as occurred in 2013. The two types of floods also have different frequency characteristics. Snowmelt and ROS flood attributes were not correlated significantly with any climate index or with burned area except that snowmelt event duration correlated negatively to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. While there is a significant negative trend in all floods over the past 100 years, when separated based on generating process, neither snowmelt floods nor large ROS floods associated with mesoscale storms show any trends over time. Despite extensive changes to the landscape of the basin and in within the climate system, the flood regime remains unchanged, something identified at smaller scales in the region but never at larger scales. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Response of streamflow to climate change and human activity in Xitiaoxi river basin in China          下载免费PDF全文

Canqiang Zhang  Biao Zhang  Wenhua Li  Moucheng Liu 《水文研究》2014,28(1):43-50

In recent years, the Xitiaoxi river basin in China has experienced intensified human activity, including city expansion and increased water demand. Climate change also has influenced streamflow. Assessing the impact of climate variability and human activity on hydrological processes is important for water resources planning and management and for the sustainable development of eco‐environmental systems. The non‐parametric Mann–Kendall test was employed to detect the trends of climatic and hydrological variables. The Mann–Kendall–Sneyers test and the moving t‐test were used to locate any abrupt change of annual streamflow. A runoff model, driven by precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, was employed to assess the impact of climate change on streamflow. A significant downward trend was detected for annual streamflow from 1975 to 2009, and an abrupt change occurred in 1999, which was consistent with the change detected by the double mass curve test between streamflow and precipitation. The annual precipitation decreased slightly, but upward trends of annual mean temperature and potential evapotranspiration were significant. The annual streamflow during the period 1999–2009 decreased by 26.19% compared with the reference stage, 1975–1998. Climate change was estimated to be responsible for 42.8% of the total reduction in annual streamflow, and human activity accounted for 57.2%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献