A Flume Experiment on the Adjustment of the Mean and Turbulent Statistics to a Transition from Short to Tall Sparse Canopies     

Anthony Seraphin  Philippe Guyenne 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,129(1):47-64

Water-flume experiments are conducted to study the structure of turbulent flow within and above a sparse model canopy consisting of two rigid canopies of different heights. This difference in height specifies a two-dimensional step change from a rough to a rougher surface, as opposed to a smooth-to-rough transition. Despite the fact that the flow is in transition from a rough to a rougher surface, the thickness of the internal boundary layer scales as x ^4/5, consistent with smooth-to-rough boundary layer adjustment studies, where x is the downstream distance from the step change. However, the analogy with smooth-to-rough transitions no longer holds when the flow inside the canopy and near the canopy top is considered. Results show that the step change in surface roughness significantly increases turbulence intensities and shear stress. In particular, there is an adjustment of the mean horizontal velocity and shear stress as the flow passes over the rougher canopy, so that their vertical profiles adjust to give maximum values at the top of this canopy. We also observe that the magnitude and shape of the inflection in the mean horizontal velocity profile is significantly affected by the transition. The horizontal and vertical turbulence spectra compare well with Kolmogorov’s theory, although a small deviation at high frequencies is observed in the horizontal spectrum within the canopy. Here, for relatively low leaf area index, shear is found to be a more effective mechanism for momentum transfer through the canopy structure than vortex shedding.  相似文献   

On Reynolds Averaging of Turbulence Time Series   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

George Treviño  Edgar L. Andreas 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,128(2):303-311

We show that validity of Reynolds averaging for estimating the (ensemble) mean of a turbulence time series requires that the series values be both stationary and uncorrelated. In strict statistical terminology, these two conditions are jointly designated as independent identically distributed (i.i.d.). Moreover, we show that when the series values are correlated, knowledge of the correlation between the values is needed to obtain a reliable estimate of the mean. Last, we contend that a viable averaging algorithm must be Reynolds number (Re) dependent, requiring one version for low Re (Gaussian) turbulence and another for high Re (non-Gaussian) turbulence. Alternatively the median (as opposed to the mean) is recommended as a measure of the central tendency of the turbulence probability density function.  相似文献   

Microstructure of Turbulence in the Stably Stratified Boundary Layer   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Zbigniew Sorbjan  Ben B. Balsley 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,129(2):191-210

The microstructure of a stably stratified boundary layer, with a significant low-level nocturnal jet, is investigated based on observations from the CASES-99 campaign in Kansas, U.S.A. The reported, high-resolution vertical profiles of the temperature, wind speed, wind direction, pressure, and the turbulent dissipation rate, were collected under nocturnal conditions on October 14, 1999, using the CIRES Tethered Lifting System. Two methods for evaluating instantaneous (1-sec) background profiles are applied to the raw data. The background potential temperature is calculated using the “bubble sort” algorithm to produce a monotonically increasing potential temperature with increasing height. Other scalar quantities are smoothed using a running vertical average. The behaviour of background flow, buoyant overturns, turbulent fluctuations, and their respective histograms are presented. Ratios of the considered length scales and the Ozmidov scale are nearly constant with height, a fact that can be applied in practice for estimating instantaneous profiles of the dissipation rate.  相似文献   

On the Anomalous Behaviour of Scalar Flux–Variance Similarity Functions Within the Canopy Sub-layer of a Dense Alpine Forest     

D. Cava  G. G. Katul  A. M. Sempreviva  U. Giostra  A. Scrimieri 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,128(1):33-57

Within the canopy sub-layer (CSL), variability in scalar sources and sinks are known to affect flux–variance (FV) similarity relationships for water vapour (q) and carbon dioxide (C) concentrations, yet large-scale processes may continue to play a significant role. High frequency time series data for temperature (T), q and C, collected within the CSL of an uneven-aged mixed coniferous forest in Lavarone, Italy, are used to investigate these processes within the context of FV similarity. This dataset suggests that MOST scaling describes the FV similarity function of T even though the observations are collected in the CSL, consistent with other studies. However, the measured FV similarity functions for q and C appear to have higher values than their temperature counterpart. Two hypotheses are proposed to explain the measured anomalous behaviour in the FV similarity functions for q and C when referenced to T. Respired CO₂ from the forest floor leads to large positive excursions in the C time series at the canopy top thereby contributing significantly to both C variance increase and C vertical flux decrease—both leading to an anomalous increase in the FV similarity function. For q, transport of dry air from the outer-layer significantly increases both the variance and the water vapour flux. However, the expected flux increase is much smaller than the variance increase so that the net effect remains an increase in the measured FV similarity function for water vapour above its T counterpart. The hypothesis here is that identifying these events in the temporal and/or in the frequency domain and filtering them from the C and q time series partially recovers a scalar flow field that appears to follow FV similarity theory scaling. Methods for identifying both types of events in the time and frequency domains and their subsequent effects on the FV similarity functions and corollary flow variables, such as the relative transport efficiencies, are also explored.  相似文献   

湍流微气象观测的印痕分析方法及其应用拓展   总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11  

蔡旭晖 《大气科学》2008,32(1):123-132

在地面与大气间湍流相互作用的研究工作中,印痕(footprint)与印痕分析发挥着越来越重要的作用。文中介绍微气象学意义下印痕与印痕分析的理论、方法、历史和最新研究进展。着重介绍了具有理论和实用意义的数学解析印痕模型和拉格朗日数值印痕模型。对印痕分析在实际工作中的应用与问题进行了评述。文中明确指出了印痕概念的三维空间性质,探讨了将印痕分析从微气象学范畴拓展到中尺度范围的可能性, 及其在大气环境问题研究中的意义。  相似文献   

北京地区一次强沙尘暴过程的大气边界层结构和湍流通量输送特征   总被引：15，自引：6，他引：9  

彭珍  刘熙明  洪钟祥  王丙兰 《气候与环境研究》2007,12(3):267-276

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所北京325 m气象塔的风速和温度平均场观测资料和湍流资料,以及北京市气象台地面常规气象资料和逐日08:00和20:00(北京时间)的探空资料,分析了2002年3月18～22日沙尘暴过境前后北京城市边界层结构特征和湍流输送特征,结果表明:1)在沙尘暴爆发前,边界层中水平风速一直较小;气温较高,大气层结稳定,在边界层上部有强大的逆温层.随着冷锋过境,沙尘暴爆发,边界层中水平风速和平均湍流速度急剧增强;温度也突然变化,先迅速增强后又持续下降,逆温层迅速被破坏.2)沙尘暴初期,280 m上为系统性上升气流,而47和120 m则为系统性的下沉气流.随着沙尘暴爆发,湍流动能、向下传输的动量以及向上传输的感热也迅速增大,并且120 m高度的湍能、动量通量以及感热通量明显高于47和280 m,这与北京的局地环流有关.3)本次沙尘暴过程中,120和47 m层的摩擦速度都明显超过了北京的临界摩擦速度,表明局地起沙也是本次沙尘暴过程中北京沙尘的一个重要沙源.  相似文献   

一种新的预报晴空湍流综合算法   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

沈强  沈文武 《气象与减灾研究》2009,32(2):44-49

介绍了晴空湍流及其相关的湍流指数,以及通过对9个指数进行加权综合得到的一个综合预报算法。利用T213模式资料,计算了9个湍流指数,并分别用12个北京地区的飞机颠簸个例进行验证,得到各湍流指数的预报结果;在此基础上,应用新的综合算法,得到一个综合预报结果。计算结果表明,虽然理查孙数和风相关指数、MOSCAT概率预报因子指数的预报效果相对较好,但是这三个指数的预报范围和强度均偏大,容易出现空报;综合算法则较好地综合各个指数,预报区域相对集中,预报强度也较符合实际情况,空报的情况也得到了相应的改善,总体预报效果较好  相似文献   

On the relationship between flow and suspended sediment transport over the crest of a sand dune, Río Paraná, Argentina     

DAN H. SHUGAR  RAY KOSTASCHUK  JAMES L. BEST†  DANIEL R. PARSONS‡  STUART N. LANE§  OSCAR ORFEO¶  RICHARD J. HARDY§ 《Sedimentology》2010,57(1):252-272

The links between large‐scale turbulence and the suspension of sediment over alluvial bedforms have generated considerable interest in the last few decades, with past studies illustrating the origin of such turbulence and its influence on flow resistance, sediment transport and bedform morphology. In this study of turbulence and sediment suspension over large sand dunes in the Río Paraná, Argentina, time series of three‐dimensional velocity, and at‐a‐point suspended sediment concentration and particle‐size, were measured with an acoustic Doppler current profiler and laser in situ scattering transmissometer, respectively. These time series were decomposed using wavelet analysis to investigate the scales of covariation of flow velocity and suspended sediment. The analysis reveals an inverse relationship between streamwise and vertical velocities over the dune crest, where streamwise flow deceleration is linked to the vertical flux of fluid towards the water surface in the form of large turbulent fluid ejections. Regions of high suspended sediment concentration are found to correlate well with such events. The frequencies of these turbulent events have been assessed from wavelet analysis and found to concentrate in two zones that closely match predictions from empirical equations. Such a finding suggests that a combination and interaction of vortex shedding and wake flapping/changing length of the lee‐side separation zone are the principal contributors to the turbulent flow field associated with such large alluvial sand dunes. Wavelet analysis provides insight upon the temporal and spatial evolution of these coherent flow structures, including information on the topology of dune‐related turbulent flow structures. At the flow stage investigated, the turbulent flow events, and their associated high suspended sediment concentrations, are seen to grow with height above the bed until a threshold height (ca 0·45 flow depth) is reached, above which they begin to decay and dissipate.  相似文献   

Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in a strongly magnetised plasma     

S. Sridhar 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2010,331(1):93-100

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大气对532nm激光影响在漫反射激光测距中的应用     

翟东升  伏红林  熊耀恒 《天文研究与技术》2010,7(1)

激光光束在大气中的传输是与大气特征有关的,如大气湍流、大气散射与吸收,而且激光测距的回波除了与距离有关外,其回波数及精度也与大气特征相关。漫反射激光测距的目标是低轨空间碎片,在一定反射截面的条件下,应用一定功率的激光进行地面靶板漫反射测距试验,以确定多少功率的激光器可实现空间碎片的漫反射测距,这时地面靶的距离选取应该具有代表性,它代表了在一定斜程下穿过整个大气层的效应。通过对大气湍流和大气衰减对激光传输的影响进行分析,理论上计算出在低轨目标为400km时,漫反射激光测距试验地面靶的水平距离该取多远时才能代表在一定斜程下穿过400km大气层的效应,从而为漫反射激光测距试验地面靶距离的选取提供参考依据。  相似文献