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991.
In this paper we demonstrate application of the Extended Self-Similarity (ESS) concept, recently developed in turbulence physics, for geological and geophysical phenomena. The theoretical background is discussed first and then the ESS properties in fluvial turbulence, sand wave dynamics, Martian topography, river morphometry, gravel-bed mobility, and atmospheric barometric pressure are explored. The main attention is paid to fluvial turbulence and sand waves, while other examples are presented to support the generality of the ESS concept in earth sciences. The results show that the ESS properties of the considered phenomena are remarkably similar to those reported for turbulence, in spite of different underlying mechanisms. This suggests that a general rule should exist which governs a wide class of complex natural phenomena. 相似文献
992.
利用三维大涡模拟模式研究不同地面热力状况和风切变对湍流产生的影响,在对流层湍流发展过程中,这两种作用是同时存在的、同时起作用,水平风速的瞬时垂直切变可以在自由大气中激发湍流,但它不能维持很长时间,对流热泡也可以在自由大气中激发湍流,其湍流强度与地面的热量强度有关。 相似文献
993.
994.
The 161 ka explosive eruption of the Kos Plateau Tuff (KPT) ejected a minimum of 60 km3 of rhyolitic magma, a minor amount of andesitic magma and incorporated more than 3 km3 of vent- and conduit-derived lithic debris. The source formed a caldera south of Kos, in the Aegean Sea, Greece. Textural and lithofacies characteristics of the KPT units are used to infer eruption dynamics and magma chamber processes, including the timing for the onset of catastrophic caldera collapse.The KPT consists of six units: (A) phreatoplinian fallout at the base; (B, C) stratified pyroclastic-density-current deposits; (D, E) volumetrically dominant, massive, non-welded ignimbrites; and (F) stratified pyroclastic-density-current deposits and ash fallout at the top. The ignimbrite units show increases in mass, grain size, abundance of vent- and conduit-derived lithic clasts, and runout of the pyroclastic density currents from source. Ignimbrite formation also corresponds to a change from phreatomagmatic to dry explosive activity. Textural and lithofacies characteristics of the KPT imply that the mass flux (i.e. eruption intensity) increased to the climax when major caldera collapse was initiated and the most voluminous, widespread, lithic-rich and coarsest ignimbrite was produced, followed by a waning period. During the eruption climax, deep basement lithic clasts were ejected, along with andesitic pumice and variably melted and vesiculated co-magmatic granitoid clasts from the magma chamber. Stratigraphic variations in pumice vesicularity and crystal content, provide evidence for variations in the distribution of crystal components and a subsidiary andesitic magma within the KPT magma chamber. The eruption climax culminated in tapping more coarsely crystal-rich magma. Increases in mass flux during the waxing phase is consistent with theoretical models for moderate-volume explosive eruptions that lead to caldera collapse. 相似文献
995.
The physical measures of macroscopic seismic intensity have been extensively studied based on the new understanding of seismic intensity and the new analytical method and new database of strong ground motion.New physical measures of seismic intensity have been proposed. 相似文献
996.
通过对三峡地区小台网地震观测和资料研究,认识到该区弹性波地动位移振幅随震中距增加而衰减的变化偏大,地震数字记录的S波波谱分析表明其拐角频率高达21.9Hz,功率谱极大区在0.5~26Hz间,该地区的地震烈度、震中烈度和等震线长轴长度分布具有一定的离散性。上述现象属于极浅源地震波的近场地表效应。研究这些效应特点,可为国家经济建设提供防震、抗震依据 相似文献
997.
郁曙君 《地震学报(英文版)》1995,8(2):249-258
StudyoftheintensityattenuationlawintheEastChinaPlainandthenorthwestofChina郁曙君Shu-JunYU(InstituteofGeophysics,StateSeismologic... 相似文献
998.
Three electromagnetic current meter probes were deployed in a Canadian gravel-bed river to obtain simultaneous records at 10 Hz of streamwise (u) and vertical (v) velocity components at three heights above the bed. By looking at the positive and negative signs of the instantaneous fluctuations from the time-average values of each velocity component at each height, the fluctuating velocity profile of u or v can be treated as a Markov chain with eight states and its statistical properties can be tested against null hypotheses based on the absence of spatial structure. We report results of this novel approach. The most common states of the u profile were those with either higher-than-average or lower-than-average velocities at all heights; these ‘high speed’ and ‘low speed’ states persisted for up to 3 s. The most common v profiles were all-upwards or all-downwards, but these persisted for shorter times than the high speed and low speed u profiles. Analysis of transition probabilities shows statistically significant tendencies for acceleration from the low speed u profile, and change from all-upwards to all-downwards v profile, to take place progressively from the uppermost probe downwards, in a sweep-like way. Deceleration from the high speed to low speed u profile and change from all-downwards to all-upwards v profile (burst-like behaviour) do not show such clear patterns. The results are interpreted in terms of the advection of inverted wedges of relatively high-momentum fluid, followed by more chaotic structures. A separate set of flow visualization experiments over a mixed gravel bed in a flume supports the presence of advected wedge structures, the decelerating part of the sequence corresponding to irregular ejections of near-bed fluid. 相似文献
999.
本文首次提出了22°晕的折射—衍射理论,计算了几种冰晶大小平均值ā和标准差σ情况下22°晕的径向光强度分布和色品坐标,给出了相对光强度曲线和色品曲线。探讨了冰晶大小及其分布对22°晕光强度和颜色分布的影响。理论计算的22°晕光强度分布与实测结果基本相符。事实上,22°晕是一种折射—衍射晕。 相似文献
1000.