Critical erosion profiles in macro-tidal estuary sediments: Implications for the stability of intertidal mud and the slope of mud banks     

A.J. Bale  J.A. StephensC.B. Harris 《Continental Shelf Research》2007

Vertical profiles of the critical erosion threshold (τ_crit) in sediment have been measured at 11 stations along the axis of the Tamar Estuary and at a single station in a tributary of the Tamar at St. John's Ford. The τ_crit of surface sediment increased from 0.04 Pa in the upper, brackish estuary to 0.09 Pa in the lower estuary. In the upper estuary τ_crit only increased slightly with depth whereas in the marine estuary τ_crit increased rapidly from 0.09 Pa at the surface to 0.25 Pa at 15 cm below the sediment surface. The results showed that the relationship between τ_crit and bulk density (ρ_b) obtained previously for surface sediment was also applicable to sediments from depths of 10–15 cm and probably deeper. Profiles of ρ_b were measured to depths of 70 cm using a corer. In the lower (marine) estuary ρ_b increased with depth in the sediment from 1580 kg m⁻³ at the surface to 1720 kg m⁻³ at 70 cm. In the upper estuary ρ_b values were lower at 1170–1200 kg m⁻³ and profiles were almost homogeneous indicating that consolidation was not occurring. The mid-estuary was transitional between these two situations. These results are consistent with the seasonal accumulation and loss of ‘mobile’ sediment observed previously in the upper estuary with changes in river flow, and with the apparent stability of intertidal mud in the lower marine estuary deduced from historical bathymetric survey records. The slopes of the intertidal mud banks ranged from 1–2% in the lower estuary to 20–25% in mid-estuary but, instead of continuing to increase in steepness towards the head as the estuary became narrower, the measured slopes actually decreased. It is speculated that the lack of consolidation through continual mobilisation and settlement cycles combined with an increase in silt content in the upper estuary resulted in sediment that lacked the mechanical strength to maintain steep slopes.  相似文献   

An investigation into the lateral loading response of shallow bucket foundations for offshore wind turbines through centrifuge modeling in sand     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

A shallow suction bucket is a new foundation type for offshore wind turbines. Due to its large size and bulky shape, the bucket and the soil within the bucket do not necessarily deform as a whole. Moreover, limited research has been conducted on the hydrodynamic wave influence on the shallow bucket bearing response. These factors pose great challenges to the shallow bucket foundation design. This paper presents a set of centrifuge tests of a shallow bucket model subjected to monotonic and dynamic lateral loads to study the lateral bearing response of shallow bucket foundations in the field under combined loads induced by wind, waves, etc. In addition to the routine measurements (e.g., load-displacement), the soil pressures on the bucket and the distribution and evolution of the excess pore pressures in the surrounding soils are also obtained. The deformation pattern of the bucket (e.g., rotation center) is revealed through displacement measurements. Finally, the proposed easy-to-use analytical equations using the limit equilibrium to assess the bearing capacity of bucket foundations, taking into account the influence of the soil strength degradation caused by hydrodynamic wave loadings, are found to yield good results upon comparison with the centrifuge data, providing useful guidelines for the design of shallow bucket foundations.  相似文献   

Relationship between bed shear stress and suspended sediment concentration:annular flume experiments     

Yunwei WANG  Qian YU  and Shu GAO  Dr.  Prof.  Ministry of Education 《国际泥沙研究》2011,(4):513-523

In this study,annular flume experiments were carried out,using the sediment samples collected from the lower part of the inter-tidal zone at Xiaoyangkou,Jiangsu coast,China.The Ariathurai-Partheniades equation was used to determine the bed shear stress,by evaluating variations in the suspended sediment concentration within the water column.The derived relation between the bed shear stress and suspended sediment concentration shows that,at various stages of seabed erosion, suspended sediment concentration increases rapidly when the flow velocity is increased,but the pattern of change in the bed shear stress does not follow suit.At low concentrations,bed shear stress initially increases markedly with increasing flow velocity.However,when the concentration reaches an apparently critical level around 0.55 kg m"3,the rate of change in the bed shear stress abruptly slows down,or becomes almost constant,in response to further increases in the flow velocity.Results of experiments indicate that,from a critical level onward,suspended sediment concentration has a strong influence on the bed shear stress.  相似文献   

A proposed frequency spectrum for fully developed wind waves by revisiting P-M spectrum     

Shouhua Liu  Ning Jia  Changlong Guan 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2011,10(4):331-335

It is generally believed that the equilibrium range of wind wave spectrum is in the form of the −4 rather than −5 power law. However, in the widely applied P-M spectrum the equilibrium range is given in the form of −5 power law. In the present paper, a spectrum for full development of wind waves is proposed using the form of the Neumann spectrum, but adopting the −4 power law for the equilibrium range. The proposed spectrum has been verified with NDBC buoy data and could be a substitute for the P-M spectrum.  相似文献   

Experimental investigation of bedload transport processes under unsteady flow conditions     

Kwan Tun Lee  Yi‐Liang Liu  Kai‐Hung Cheng 《水文研究》2004,18(13):2439-2454

Hydraulic engineering is usually based on theoretical analysis and/or numerical modelling simulation. As the dynamic behaviour of sediment movement under unsteady flow is still unclear, and field measurement is comparatively difficult during a large flood, prior investigations through flume experiments are required. A series of flume experiments, conducted using different inflow hydrographs without sediment supply from upstream, was carried out to investigate the sediment transport process under unsteady flow conditions. A series of triangular hydrographs were performed in the experiments. The results indicate that a temporal lag was found between the flow hydrograph peak and the sediment hydrograph peak because large size sand dunes lasted for a short period in the falling limb of the flow hydrograph. The temporal lag was found to be about equal to 6–15% of the flow hydrograph duration. Owing to the temporal lag, the total bedload yield in the rising period was less than that in the falling period. Furthermore, the measured total bedload yield in the unsteady flow experiments was larger than the predicted value, which was estimated by using the results obtained from the equivalent steady flow experiment. The peak bedload transport rate for unsteady flow conditions was also larger than the predicted value. The ratios of the measured to the predicted quantities mentioned above were found to be constant values for different shapes of hydrographs. It is, therefore, expected that the analytical results of sediment transport from equivalent steady flow can be a good reference for sediment transport under unsteady flow conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Sediment transport mechanisms and selective removal of soil particles under unsteady-state conditions in a sheet erosion system     

Elham Sirjani  Majid Mahmoodabadi  Artemi Cerda 《国际泥沙研究》2022,37(2):151-161

Selective removal of particles and nutrients by water erosion is a key factor in soil erosion studies.Most agricultural soils are located on gentle slopes where fertility is high;however,until now,the main attention on sediment transport mechanisms was paid to high-slope gradients,where soil erosion is intense,but soils are less productive.Despite the importance of sediment size distribution(SSD) and transport mechanisms under unsteady-state conditions,few studies have been done on this issue.Hi...  相似文献   

Architectures and evolution of arid alluvial fans: Insights from a flume experiment          下载免费PDF全文

Zhu Yi-Jie  Xia Rui  Zheng Yun-Ke  Liu Chen-Hu  Yu Bin  Lü  Jun-Ling  Feng Wen-Jie 《古地理学报》2021,22(6):1081-1094

Using time-lapse cameras and a 3D laser scanner,74 groups of geomorphic data of alluvial fans were obtained through flume experiments. Then a detailed sedimentary analysis based on these data was performed by using a quantitative software to reveal the sedimentary evolution process of the arid alluvial fan and its depositional architecture. Results suggest that there are obvious differences in hydrodynamics,water flow patterns and growth pattern during the evolution of arid alluvial fans. Based on these differences,the experiment is divided into three stages,including an early,middle,and late stage. In the early stage,the fan surface hydrodynamics was relatively strong,and the sheet flow dominated the deposition. According to the distribution of sheet flow deposits,it can be divided into wide-spread sheet flow deposition and local sheet flow deposition. In the middle period of the experiment,the hydrodynamic strength and expansion rate at the middle-distal part of the fan body reduced. The non-confined channel which is close to the source dominated the deposition,and terminal lobe was mainly deposited on the edge of the river channel. In the late stage of the experiment,the hydrodynamic further reduced causing by the large fan surface and confined channels were the main deposits. Through the flume experiment,an arid alluvial fan depositional architecture model with a three-layer structure has been established. The bottom layer is of a sheet flow lobe complex,the middle layer is characterized by unconfined channels and terminal lobes,and the top layer is constituted by stacked confined channels and small terminal lobes.  相似文献   

Experimental investigation of the morphodynamic response of riffles and pools to unsteady flow and increased sediment supply     

Jacob A. Morgan  Peter A. Nelson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(4):869-886

Gravel-bed rivers characteristically exhibit shallow riffles in wide sections and deeper pools where the channel becomes constricted and narrow. While rivers can adjust to changing flow and sediment supply through some combination of adjustments of channel slope, bed-surface sorting, and channel shape, the degree to which riffle-pools may adopt these changes in response to changing flows and sediment supplies remains unclear. This article presents results from a flume experiment investigating how constant- and variable-width channels adjust their morphology in response to changing flow and increased sediment supply. Two flume geometries were used: (1) constant-width and (2) variable-width, characterized by a sinusoidal pattern with a mean width equal to that of the first channel. The variable-width channel developed bed undulations in phase with the width, representing riffle-pools. The experiment consisted of three phases for each flume geometry: (1) steady flow, constant sediment supply; (2) unsteady flow, constant sediment supply; and (3) unsteady flow, doubled sediment supply. Unsteady flow was implemented in the form of repeated symmetrical stepped hydrographs, with a mean discharge equal to that in the steady flow phase. In all phases the bed and sediment supply were composed of a sand/gravel mixture ranging from 1 to 8 mm. In both the straight and variable-width channels, transitioning from steady flow to repeated hydrographs did not result in significant changes in bed morphology. The two channel geometries had different responses to increased sediment supply: the slope of the straight channel increased nearly 40%, while the variable-width channel reduced the relief between bars and pools and decreased the variability in cross-sectional elevation with a slight slope increase. Bar-pool relief varied with repeat discharge hydrographs. Pool elevation changed twice the distance of bar elevations, emphasizing the relevance of pool scour for riffle-pool self-maintenance in channels with width variations.  相似文献   

长江下游大型沉井基础局部冲刷计算公式研究     

杨程生  蒋振雄  俞竹青  高祥宇  高正荣 《海洋工程》2022,40(3):105-114

大型沉井基础在长江下游大跨径跨江大桥工程中应用越来越多,基础局部冲刷深度预测是设计时需要重点考虑的问题之一。国内外对桥梁基础局部冲刷做了大量的研究并建立了局部冲刷计算公式,由于长江下游大型沉井基础规模越来越大,原有局部冲刷深度的预测公式存在一定的局限性。在常泰大桥超大沉井基础局部冲刷试验成果的基础上,结合长江下游南京以下跨江大桥沉井基础局部冲刷试验成果,通过量纲分析及多元回归法建立了大型沉井基础局部冲刷计算公式,并应用试验资料及实测资料进行了较好的验证。该公式计算结构简单,可供长江下游大型沉井基础局部冲刷深度估算参考和应用。  相似文献   

卵砾石沙波临界水流条件的水槽试验          下载免费PDF全文

付旭辉  杨胜发 《水科学进展》2013,24(3):379-385

以往对沙波的研究多针对河流中下游、河口海岸段的细沙(粒径D<1 mm),而长江上游等卵砾石输移河段(D>2 mm)是否会出现沙波以及卵砾石沙波的临界条件,尚需开展进一步研究。通过长江上游九堆子、筲箕背等卵石滩的现场踏勘,观察到明显的天然沙波形态。采用中值粒径D₅₀=1.8 mm和5.3 mm的天然沙和D₅₀=4.8 mm的轻质沙进行水槽试验,成功模拟出砾石沙波。根据恒定均匀流条件下,产生沙波的比降、水位、流量等水流条件及试验沙的粒径、比重,提出卵砾石沙波的临界条件公式。结果表明,卵砾石沙波的临界条件可以用量纲起动功率w_* 、R／D及比降S表达,并据此提出判别系数G_Dcr。当研究河段的卵砾石输移带上的水流条件满足判别系数G_Dcr,则可以判断能够产生沙波现象。  相似文献