Stormwater plume detection by MODIS imagery in the southern California coastal ocean     

Nikolay P. Nezlin  Paul M. DiGiacomo  Dario W. Diehl  Burton H. Jones  Scott C. Johnson  Michael J. Mengel  Kristen M. Reifel  Jonathan A. Warrick  Menghua Wang 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008

Stormwater plumes in the southern California coastal ocean were detected by MODIS-Aqua satellite imagery and compared to ship-based data on surface salinity and fecal indicator bacterial (FIB) counts collected during the Bight'03 Regional Water Quality Program surveys in February–March of 2004 and 2005. MODIS imagery was processed using a combined near-infrared/shortwave-infrared (NIR-SWIR) atmospheric correction method, which substantially improved normalized water-leaving radiation (nLw) optical spectra in coastal waters with high turbidity. Plumes were detected using a minimum-distance supervised classification method based on nLw spectra averaged within the training areas, defined as circular zones of 1.5–5.0-km radii around field stations with a surface salinity of S < 32.0 (“plume”) and S > 33.0 (“ocean”). The plume optical signatures (i.e., the nLw differences between “plume” and “ocean”) were most evident during the first 2 days after the rainstorms. To assess the accuracy of plume detection, stations were classified into “plume” and “ocean” using two criteria: (1) “plume” included the stations with salinity below a certain threshold estimated from the maximum accuracy of plume detection; and (2) FIB counts in “plume” exceeded the California State Water Board standards. The salinity threshold between “plume” and “ocean” was estimated as 32.2. The total accuracy of plume detection in terms of surface salinity was not high (68% on average), seemingly because of imperfect correlation between plume salinity and ocean color. The accuracy of plume detection in terms of FIB exceedances was even lower (64% on average), resulting from low correlation between ocean color and bacterial contamination. Nevertheless, satellite imagery was shown to be a useful tool for the estimation of the extent of potentially polluted plumes, which was hardly achievable by direct sampling methods (in particular, because the grids of ship-based stations covered only small parts of the plumes detected via synoptic MODIS imagery). In most southern California coastal areas, the zones of bacterial contamination were much smaller than the areas of turbid plumes; an exception was the plume of the Tijuana River, where the zone of bacterial contamination was comparable with the zone of plume detected by ocean color.  相似文献   

Strong CO₂ outgassing from high nutrient low chlorophyll coastal waters off central Chile (30°S): The role of dissolved iron     

Rodrigo Torres  Patricio Ampuero 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009

Carbonate system parameters (pH and alkalinity) were used to estimate the coastal water CO₂ fluxes off central Chile (30°S) during September 2007. Coastal waters rich in nitrate and silicate were strongly CO₂ supersaturated and normally poor in chlorophyll a. MODIS satellite chlorophyll a data suggest that phytoplankton biomass remained particularly low during September 2007 although coastal waters were highly fertilized with nitrate and silicate. The phytoplankton gross primary productivity in macronutrient-rich waters was very low with the exception of shallow waters (e.g. within or near bays). Several iron-enrichment bottle experiments show that fCO₂ rapidly decreases during iron-enrichment treatments compared to controls. This suggests that iron limitation of phytoplankton growth (mainly diatoms) plays a role in maintaining high-CO₂ outgassing by preventing rapid interception of upwelled CO₂.  相似文献   

用小时降雨资料估算降雨侵蚀力的方法   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

殷水清  谢云  王春刚 《地理研究》2007,26(3):541-547

降雨侵蚀力是进行土壤流失量预报的基本因子,EI₃₀是迄今得到广泛应用的定量指标,但它的计算需要降雨过程资料,使其推广应用受到很大限制。用自动气象观测提供的高精度等间隔降雨资料,代替降雨过程资料,是估算降雨侵蚀力指标的首选。国际上对此已有研究,发现有很大的地区差异性。为此,本文在水蚀严重的中国东部季风区选择5个代表站点,共456次降雨过程资料,建立了用60 min等间隔雨量资料估算次降雨侵蚀力的计算方法。研究结果表明:直接用60 min等间隔资料计算的降雨侵蚀力指标值,与用降雨过程资料计算的结果相比,降雨动能E差异较小,主要差异体现在最大30 min雨强I₃₀上,由此导致降雨侵蚀力指标EI₃₀的差异也十分明显。利用自动气象观测小时雨量资料计算降雨侵蚀力指标值,通过公式(EI₃₀)_bp=1.730(EI₃₀)₆₀转换,可以较精确地估算全国降雨侵蚀力,与用日、月和年降雨量资料的估算值相比,能够提高土壤侵蚀预报精度。  相似文献   

An RXTE observation of the Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG–6-30-15: X-ray reflection and the iron abundance     

J. C. Lee  A. C. Fabian  C. S. Reynolds  K. Iwasawa  & W. N. Brandt 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,300(2):583-588

We report on a 50-ks observation of the bright Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG–6-30-15 with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer . The data clearly show the broad fluorescent iron line (equivalent width ∼ 250 eV) and the Compton reflection continuum at higher energies. A comparison of the iron line and the reflection continuum has enabled us to constrain the reflective fraction and the elemental abundances in the accretion disc. Temporal studies provide evidence that spectral variability is a result of changes in both the amount of reflection seen and the properties of the primary X-ray source itself.  相似文献   

How do the rain rates of sub‐event intervals such as the maximum 5‐ and 15‐min rates (I5 or I30) relate to the properties of the enclosing rainfall event?     

David L. Dunkerley 《水文研究》2010,24(17):2425-2439

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结合NASA DEM和AW3D30 DEM的太原市DEM数据融合     

刘娇  赵尚民 《测绘通报》2022,(11):90-95

本文首先以DEM数据为例,将输入数据与参考数据配准至同一像素位置,然后分别将均方根误差和标准差作为参考指标,在不同坡度等级的区域内,通过权重系数从0至1的遍历探寻最佳加权融合系数,从而确定融合方案并进行NASA DEM与AW3D30 DEM的数据融合,最后对融合效果进行定量评价。结果表明:配准前,NASA DEM沿x、y、z方向的位移分别为-2.65、2.41、0.60m,AW3D30 DEM位移分别为1.04、7.51、-3.33m;配准后,原始数据各项误差均减小,且NASA DEM的系统误差基本消失。融合DEM相较于NASA DEM,平均误差和均方根误差分别减小了25.0%和36.8%;对于AW3D30 DEM,误差降幅分别为86.5%和13.2%。  相似文献   

Pulsar PSR B2303+30: a single system of drifting subpulses, moding and nulling     

Stephen L. Redman  Geoffrey A. E. Wright  Joanna M. Rankin 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,357(3):859-872

Analyses of multiple pulse sequences of the pulsar PSR B2303+30 reveal two distinct emission modes. One mode (B) follows a steady even–odd pattern and is more intense. The second mode (Q) is characteristically weak, but has intermittent drift bands with a periodicity of approximately 3 P ₁/cycle, and nulls much more frequently than the B mode. Both modes occur with roughly equal frequency, and their profiles have a similar single-humped form with a slight asymmetry. Our observations and analyses strongly suggest that the subpulse drift rates in both modes are linked in a series of cycles, which can be modelled as relaxing oscillations in the underlying circulation rate.  相似文献   

A photoionization-modelling study of 30 Doradus: the case for small-scale chemical inhomogeneity     

Yiannis G. Tsamis †‡  Daniel Péquignot 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,364(2):687-704

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Black Hole Systems Seen at High Spectral Resolution: Inflow and Outflow     

Julia C. Lee 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2005,300(1-3):67-70

High-resolution Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray spectroscopic studies of stellar and supermassive black holes have revealed that these phenomenologically different systems share many common physical characteristics. The observed outflows in the micro-quasar GRS 1915+105, the Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG–6-30-15 and the Seyfert 2 galaxy IRAS 18325-5926 are the focus of this proceeding.  相似文献   

Soft X-ray emission lines from photoionized accretion discs: constraints on their strength and width     

D. R. Ballantyne  R. R. Ross  A. C. Fabian 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,336(3):867-872

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