A numerical model for shore-normal sediment size variation on a macrotidal beach     

Diane P. Horn 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1992,17(8):755-773

This paper describes a computer simulation model which is designed to predict the selective shore-normal sorting of grain sizes in the nearshore environment. The model simulates wave shoaling, wave height attenuation due to frictional losses and breaking, using linear theory up to the break point and a breaker decay model in the surf zone. Peak horizontal orbital velocities at the bed are calculated from Stokes second-order wave theory. The peak onshore and offshore velocities are used with the threshold expression of Komar and Miller (1975) to generate a spatial pattern of size variation of threshold grain diameter along a profile normal to the shore from deep water to the swash zone. The predicted grain size is used in an hydraulic interpretation of grain size distribution on the intertidal profile, based on the hydrodynamic variations over a tidal cycle on a macrotidal beach. The model is successful in predicting the broad pattern of increasing grain size in the onshore direction which has been observed in nature. Comparisons between measured and predicted grain size distributions indicate that the predictions of the model are better than those of previous models, but the model is more successful at predicting sediment size distributions than at predicting mean sizes on a beach profile.  相似文献   

面极化模拟解释激发极化异常的不适用性          下载免费PDF全文

刘崧  陈晦鸣 《地球物理学报》1990,33(4):454-462

在椭球座标系中对均匀外电流场中的面极化椭球体的电场进行了求解.在解拉普拉斯方程时一般解的系数是椭球座标的函数,因而解答不正确,这表明了面极化体激发极化电场分布和求正确解的复杂性.此解答和均匀外电流场中体极化椭球体的电场解答的明显差别,说明两类电场不具有相似性.因此,用面极化模拟解释通常为体极化的实际地质体的激发极化异常显然是不适用的.物理模拟证实了这一理论研究结果.  相似文献   

Numerical modelling of the morphological response induced by low-crested structures in Lido di Dante,Italy     

Barbara Zanuttigh 《Coastal Engineering》2007

This paper analyses the morphological response induced by low-crested structures on the adjacent seabed, with particular interest in the erosion patterns that frequently develop at gaps and roundheads. The mechanisms responsible for erosion processes are examined by means of morphodynamic simulations with the numerical suite MIKE 21 CAMS developed by DHI Water & Environment. The main purpose of the paper is to verify how and how far a commercial code can predict bed evolution, in vicinity of defence structures in a real case, in order to get information that may be very useful for structure design and possible maintenance of existing works. The code is applied to a long-term simulation on a study site that is characterized by a composite intervention and suffers from severe erosion, Lido di Dante (Italy). The simulation covers the period (one year and a half) between two available multi-beam surveys, in order to have a detailed real bathymetry as starting point and another one, as accurate as the first, to compare numerical with surveyed results. All the other input data for the model, as waves, tide, wind and sediment characteristics, are derived from measurements in the area; moreover, the code is calibrated using wave and current data acquired during a field campaign. The bed evolution derived from simulations shows a good agreement with the survey both in the locations and in the intensity of erosive and depositional areas. A sensitivity analysis of results to some selected modelling parameters is performed on a shorter simulation period (one month), showing that accounting for bed slope in sediment transport modelling has greater effects in bathymetry evolution than the use of a complex sediment bathymetry or the representation of wave diffraction.  相似文献   

Green's function for three-dimensional elastic wave equation with a moving point source on the free surface with applications     

Jing-Bo Chen  Jian Cao 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(4):1281-1290

High-speed train seismology has come into being recently. This new kind of seismology uses a high-speed train as a repeatable moving seismic source. Therefore, Green's function for a moving source is needed to make theoretical studies of the high-speed train seismology. Green's function for three-dimensional elastic wave equation with a moving point source on the free surface is derived. It involves a line integral of the Green's function for a fixed point source with different positions and corresponding time delays. We give a rigorous mathematical proof of this Green's function. According to the principle of linear superposition, we have also obtained the Green's function for a group of moving sources which can be regarded as a model of a traveling high-speed train. Based on a temporal convolution, an analytical formula for other moving sources is also given. In terms of a moving Gaussian source, we deal with the issue of numerical calculations of the analytical formula. Applications to modelling of a traveling high-speed train are presented. We have considered both the land case and the bridge case for a traveling high-speed train. The theoretical seismograms show different waveform features for these two cases.  相似文献   

Isotope hydrogeochemical models for assessing the hydrological processes in a part of the largest continental flood basalts province of India     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(2):101336

Continental Flood Basalts (CFB) occupy one fourth of the world’s land area. Hence, it is important to discern the hydrological processes in this complex hydrogeological setup for the sustainable water resources development. A model assisted isotope, geochemical, geospatial and geophysical study was conducted to understand the monsoonal characteristics, recharge processes, renewability and geochemical evolution in one of the largest continental flood basalt provinces of India. HYSPLIT modelling and stable isotopes were used to assess the monsoonal characteristics. Rayleigh distillation model were used to understand the climatic conditions at the time of groundwater recharge. Lumped parameter models (LPM) were employed to quantify the mean transit time (MTT) of groundwater. Statistical and geochemical models were adopted to understand the geochemical evolution along the groundwater flow path. A geophysical model was used to understand the geometry of the aquifer. The back trajectory analysis confirms the isotopic finding that precipitation in this region is caused by orographic uplifting of air masses originating from the Arabian Sea. Stable isotopic data of groundwater showed its meteoric origin and two recharge processes were discerned; (i) quick and direct recharge by precipitation through fractured and weathered basalt, (ii) low infiltration through the clayey black cotton soil and subjected to evaporation prior to the recharge. Tritium data showed that the groundwater is a renewable source and have shorter transit times (from present day to <30 years). The hydrogeochemical study indicated multiple sources/processes such as: the minerals dissolution, silicate weathering, ion exchange, anthropogenic influences etc. control the chemistry of the groundwater. Based on the geo-electrical resistivity survey, the potential zones (weathered and fractured) were delineated for the groundwater development. Thus, the study highlights the usefulness of model assisted isotopic hydrogeochemical techniques for understanding the recharge and geochemical processes in a basaltic aquifer system.  相似文献   

A GIS raster technique to optimise contaminated soil removal     

E. E. Hellawell  A. C. Kemp  D. J. Nancarrow 《Engineering Geology》2001,60(1-4):107-116

A geographic information system (GIS) raster technique has been developed and used interactively with remediation designers to evaluate the optimum extent of excavating soil contaminated by chlorinated solvents. The technique and the results of its application are presented. The site was a former chemical storage plant for acids and solvents. Two distinct solvent plumes were detected within the ground using a photo-ionisation detector. The solvents were found to be dissolved in the groundwater and migrating in the general direction of groundwater flow. A remediation strategy was proposed involving the localised excavation of contamination ‘hot spots’ followed by the implementation of a groundwater remediation system. A number of excavation options were discussed and the GIS raster technique was developed to evaluate these options in terms of contaminant removed and excavation cost.

The plumes were initially mapped using a triangular irregular network (TIN). These TIN models were rasterised to produce a regular grid of rectangular cells, each cell having a value relating to the concentration of contaminant at that spatial point. The proposed excavation zones were then overlaid on to the raster models as masks. The relationship between the value of contaminant concentration of cells within the mask (or excavation zone) and the total value of contaminant concentration of cells within the solvent plume was used to determine the efficiency of the excavation.

The excavation options were compared taking into account the percentage of the contaminant plume removed, the excavation area (soil volumes) and related costs. Once the GIS raster technique had been developed, it proved very quick to rerun the analysis for the other excavation zones. The optimum excavation zone, based upon cost and contaminant recovery, was found for the site. The technique helped by targeting the worst area of contamination and provided the client with a cost-benefit analysis of the different remediation options.  相似文献   

华山松树木年轮对气候响应的模拟分析   总被引：19，自引：1，他引：19       下载免费PDF全文

尹训钢  吴祥定 《应用气象学报》1995,6(3):257-264

采用树木年轮生长模型，从细胞尺度对华山松在不同时期的树木生长状况，包括早材和晚材的细胞大小等年轮结构变化进行了模拟。所建立的细胞大小年表对气候的响应函数结果，揭示出华山松的生长主要受生长季中4～7月份以及滞后一年降水的影响，而温度只是在生长季节开始的4月份起限制作用。利用气候资料对华山松的细胞大小及变化趋势的模拟结果表明，它与实测值十分接近。  相似文献   

Evidence for volatile-influenced differentiation in a layered alkali basalt flow, Penghu Islands, Taiwan     

John D. Greenough  Chi-Yu Lee  Brian J. Fryer 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1999,60(6):412-424

An approximately 20-m-thick alkali basalt flow on the Penghu Islands contains ∼20 cm thick, horizontally continuous (>50 m), vesicular layers separated by ∼1.5 m of massive basalt in its upper 8.5 m. The three layers contain ocelli-like "vesicles" filled with nepheline and igneous carbonate. They are coarse grained and enriched in incompatible elements relative to the massive basalt with which they form sharp contacts. These vesicular layers (segregation veins) formed when residual liquid in the underlying crystal mush was forced (gas filter pressing) or siphoned into three thermally induced horizontal cracks that opened successively in the advancing crystal mush of the flow's upper crust. Most vesicular layer trace elements can be modelled by residual melt extraction after 25–40% fractional crystallization of massive basalt underlying each layer. Sulphur, Cl, As, Zn, Pb, K, Na, Rb, and Sr show large concentration changes between the top, middle, and bottom layers, with each vesicular and underlying massive basalt forming a chemically distinct "pair." The large changes between layers are difficult to account for by crystal fractionation alone, because other incompatible elements (e.g., La, Sm, Yb, Zr, Nb) and the major elements change little. The association of these elements (S, Cl, etc.) with "fluids" in various geologic environments suggests that volatiles influenced differentiation, perhaps by moving alkali, alkaline earth, and chalcophile elements as magma-dissolved volatile complexes. Volatiles may have also led to large grain sizes in the segregation veins by lowering melt viscosities and raising diffusion rates. The chemical variability between layers indicates that a convection and concentration mechanism acted within the flow. The specific process cannot be determined, but different rates of vesicle plume rise (through the flow) and/or accumulation in the upper crust's crystal mush might account for the chemical pairing and extreme variations in Cl, S, As, and C. This study emphasizes the importance of sampling vesicular rocks in flows. It also suggests that volatiles play important physical and chemical roles in rapidly differentiating mafic magmas in processes decoupled from crystal fractionation. Received: 11 November 1996 / Accepted: 20 September 1998  相似文献   

长江三角洲地区地磁短周期变化异常的描述及解释          下载免费PDF全文

顾左文  范国华 《地球物理学报》1994,37(1):66-77

在长江三角洲地区进行了地磁短周期变化的观测，对资料的分析表明，该区域地磁短周期变化存在一非对称异常．其负异常较大，中心位于无锡、常熟一带；其正异常较小，中心位于海安与大丰之间．异常出现的周期为１００-３６００ｓ，并在１２０ｓ处取极大值．二维模型拟合表明，在该地区存在一由北向南上升的地下高导层．该高导层在溧阳、无锡、余山一线消失．这恰是溧阳、崇明大断裂之所在．该地区地表还存在有厚度为３００ｍ的高导覆盖层．  相似文献   

武威盆地泉群流量模拟及预测的一种方法     

王根绪  张惠昌 《甘肃地质》1993,2(1):95-101

本文根据系统理论及灰色预测理论,建立了武威盆地泉群流量模拟及预测模型,依据该模型可通过下游香家湾站河水流量的观测值,推断出整个盆地泉群流量,经过1978—1983 5年的资料验证,结果准确可靠。  相似文献