The Analysis of the Seasonal,Spatial, and Compositional Distribution of Humic Substances in a Subtropical Shallow Lake     

Stefania Mazzuoli  Steven Loiselle  Vincent Hull  Luca Bracchini  Claudio Rossi 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2003,31(6):461-468

The spatial and temporal distribution of humic substances in aquatic ecosystems can have important effects on ecosystem productivity, negatively impacting primary productivity while positively impacting secondary productivity. In the present investigation, a large shallow lake ecosystem was studied to determine the spatial and seasonal variation of the composition and concentration of humic substances. Concentrations of total dissolved organic matter, humic acid, and fulvic acid were found to display significant spatial distributions (1.3…13.5 mg/L, DOM; 0.1…5.4 mg/L, HA). The distribution is described by using mapping techniques and the analysis of the spatial distribution of the lake. An analysis of the seasonal variations also indicated the dependence of the occurrence of these compounds on meteorological and hydrological conditions. To identify the potential sources of these organic materials, an analysis was made of the ratio of humic and fulvic acid fractions and total DOM. It was found that areas of high DOM concentration coincided with the areas of highest HA percentage of total DOM. Furthermore using the ratio of the normalised concentrations of HA, FA, and residual DOM (< 5000 g/mol) it was found that areas dominated by each are spatially distinct. This confirms the hypothesis that in these shallow lakes, photodegradation and bacterioplankton activity will create a residence time dependent zonation of each component of the total DOM.  相似文献   

Viscosity of albite melt at high pressure and high temperature     

A. Suzuki  E. Ohtani  K. Funakoshi  H. Terasaki  T. Kubo 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2002,29(3):159-165

 The viscosity of albite (NaAlSi₃O₈) melt was measured at high pressure by the in situ falling-sphere method using a high-resolution X-ray CCD camera and a large-volume multianvil apparatus installed at SPring-8. This system enabled us to conduct in situ viscosity measurements more accurately than that using the conventional technique at pressures of up to several gigapascals and viscosity in the order of 10⁰ Pa s. The viscosity of albite melt is 5.8 Pa s at 2.6 GPa and 2.2 Pa s at 5.3 GPa and 1973 K. Experiments at 1873 and 1973 K show that the decrease in viscosity continues to 5.3 GPa. The activation energy for viscosity is estimated to be 316(8) kJ mol⁻¹ at 3.3 GPa. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that a gradual decrease in viscosity of albite melt at high pressure may be explained by structural changes such as an increase in the coordination number of aluminum in the melt. Received: 6 January 2001 / Accepted: 27 August 2001  相似文献   

STATISTICAL THINKING AND TECHNIQUE FOR QSAR AND RELATED STUDIES.PART I:GENERAL THEORY     

MERVYN STONE  PHILIP JONATHAN 《地理学报(英文版)》1993,(6)

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Catalysed self-cleaning of air on the earth's surface     

G. Hultquist  P. Szakálos 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2006,55(2):131-146

Generally, it is assumed that UV-light, high temperature or reactive molecules like O₃ and OH are needed to activate gas reactions in air. In consequence, the catalytic activity on natural materials such as sand and soil on the earth's surface is assumed to be insignificant. We have measured O₂-dissociation rates on natural quartz sand at 40˚C and compared these with O₂-dissociation rates near 500˚C on materials with well-known catalytic activity. In terms of probabilities for dissociation of impinging O₂-molecules the measured rates are in the 10⁻¹²–10⁻⁴ range. We have also measured dissociation rates of H₂ and N₂, water-formation from H₂ and O₂ mixtures, exchange of N between N₂, NO _x and a breakdown of HNO₃, NO₂ and CH₄ on natural quartz sand at 40˚C. The measured rates together with an effective global land area have been used to estimate the impact of thermodynamically driven reactions on the earth's surface on the global atmospheric budgets of H₂, NO₂ and CH₄. The experimental data on natural quartz sand together with data from equilibrium calculations of air suggest that an expected increase in anthropogenic supply of air pollutants, such as NO _x or other “reactive” nitrogen compounds, hydrogen and methane, will be counter-acted by catalysis on the earth's surface. On the other hand, at Polar Regions and boreal forests where the “reactive” nitrogen concentration is below equilibrium, the same catalytic effect activates formation of bio-available nitrogen compounds from N₂, O₂ and H₂O.  相似文献   

应用烃类流体包裹体GOI和成分研究凝析气藏成藏过程：以准噶尔盆地莫索湾地区为例   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

曹剑金之钧  胡文瑄谢小敏王绪龙  姚素平 《岩石学报》2007,23(1):137-144

The Grains containing Oil Inclusions(GOI)data in currently gas/condensate-beating Jurassic and Cretaceous reservoir sandstones of Well Pen 5(the Mosuowan area of central Junggar Basin,NW China)are generally greater than the empirical threshold line of 5%.This is consistent with the gas-condensate section originally containing a palaeo-oil column.In order to assess the origin of the oil trapped in the oil inclusion and its relationship to the free oil/gas-condensate,a detailed molecular geochemical study was carried out for correlation between the free and inclusion oils.The paleo oil is most likely sourced from the Lower Permian Fengeheng Formation,which generated hydrocarbons primarily during Late Triassic and the oils were later secondarily altered and dysmigrated along faults likely during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous.In contrast,the current reservoired oil/gas-condensate mainly derived from the Middle Permian Lower Wuerhe Formation,whose peak generation time last from Late Cretaceous even to the present.This paper showed that integrated oil-bearing fluid inclusion analyses have likely allowed a complex multi-phase charge history to be recognized and resolved with a high degree of confidence.  相似文献   

Molecular simulation studies on natural gas hydrates nucleation and growth: A review     

Zheng-cai Zhang  Neng-you Wu  Chang-ling Liu  Xi-luo Hao  Yong-chao Zhang  Kai Gao  Bo Peng  Chao Zheng  Wei Tang  Guang-jun Guo 《China Geology》2022,5(2):330-344

How natural gas hydrates nucleate and grow is a crucial scientific question. The research on it will help solve practical problems encountered in hydrate accumulation, development, and utilization of hydrate related technology. Due to its limitations on both spatial and temporal dimensions, experiment cannot fully explain this issue on a micro-scale. With the development of computer technology, molecular simulation has been widely used in the study of hydrate formation because it can observe the nucleation and growth process of hydrates at the molecular level. This review will assess the recent progresses in molecular dynamics simulation of hydrate nucleation and growth, as well as the enlightening significance of these developments in hydrate applications. At the same time, combined with the problems encountered in recent hydrate trial mining and applications, some potential directions for molecular simulation in the research of hydrate nucleation and growth are proposed, and the future of molecular simulation research on hydrate nucleation and growth is prospected.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

Molecular characterization of dissolved black nitrogen via electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry     

《Organic Geochemistry》2015

Combustion produces a complex mixture of polycondensed aromatic compounds known as black carbon (BC). Such products can become remobilized from char and soil in the form of dissolved BC (DBC). Ultra-high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI–FT-ICRMS) analysis of a variety of soil and char leachates showed that a significant proportion of DBC compounds contained one or more nitrogen atoms. While the presence of black nitrogen (DBN) in dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been reported, its molecular features were uncharacterized. Here we present results of FT-ICRMS characterization of DBN, where assigned formulae were validated on the basis on their ¹³C isotope signatures and fragmentation patterns obtained via collision induced dissociation. Possible chemical structures were assigned for several DBN formulae and suggest that nitrogen was incorporated into the core ring system as a pyrrole-type moiety. Most DBN compounds existed as part of homologous series where homologs differed by a mass corresponding to CO₂, suggesting that they were polysubstituted with carboxylic acid groups. The environmental contribution of such novel, aromatic, combustion-derived nitrogen compounds with respect to global nitrogen cycling remains elusive. The biogeochemical implications of the input of such fire-derived products to aquatic ecosystems as part of climate change therefore need to be assessed.  相似文献   

Characterization of alkanes, hopanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tar-balls collected from the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Chandru K  Zakaria MP  Anita S  Shahbazi A  Sakari M  Bahry PS  Mohamed CA 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(5):950-962

The East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia faces the South China Sea and is vulnerable to oil pollution because of intense petroleum production activities in the area. The South China Sea is also a favored route for supertankers carrying crude oil to the Far East. Consequently, oil spills can occur, causing pollution and contamination in the surrounding areas. Residual oil spills stranded on coastal beaches usually end up as tar-balls. Elucidating the sources of tar-balls using a molecular marker approach is essential in assessing environmental impacts and perhaps settling legal liabilities for affected parties. This study utilizes a multimodal molecular marker approach through the use of diagnostic ratios of alkanes, hopanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to determine the source, distribution and weathering of tar-balls. Hopane ratios (e.g., C29/C30, and summation C31-C35/C30 ratios) were used to identify the sources of tar-balls. The weathering effects were distinguished by using alkanes, namely the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) and low molecular weight/high molecular weight (L/H) ratios. Similarly, PAHs were also used for the determination of weathering processes undergone by the tar-balls. This multimodal molecular marker gave a very strong indication of the sources of tar-balls in this study. For example, 16 out of 17 samples originated from South East Asian Crude Oil (SEACO) with one sample from Merang, Terengganu originating from North Sea Oil (Troll). The TRME-2 sample may have come from a supertanker's ballast water discharge. The second possibility is that the tar-ball may have been transported via oceanographic currents. All 'weathered' sample characterizations were based on the presence of UCM and other ratios. The multimodal molecular marker approach applied in this study has enabled us to partially understand the transport behavior of tar-balls in the marine environment and has revealed insights into the weathering process of tar-balls.  相似文献   

福建九龙江口红树植物分子分类的研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

周涵韬  林鹏  孙晟 《海洋科学》2001,25(8):42-46

运用RAPD技术对福建九龙江口龙海红树林自然保护区浮宫种苗园内白骨壤（Auicenmia marina)，桐花树（Ageiceras corniculatum)，无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apatala)，秋茄(Kandeliacandel),木榄（Bruguiera gymnorthiza),海莲（B.sexangula),尖瓣海莲（B.sexangula var,rhynchopetala)等7种红树植物进行了遗传多样性分析，从30个10-mer随机引物中筛选出15个有效引物，利用这15个有效引物共扩增出630条DNA带，其中多态性条带535条，占总扩增条带的84．92％，利用Nei指数法得出7种红树植物间的遗传一致度和遗传距离，并运用UPGA统计分析法对红树植物的7个种间的亲缘关系进行聚类分析，7个种分为A，B两个大组，白骨壤，酮花树，无瓣海垒同属于A组，秋茄，木榄，海莲，尖瓣海莲分聚类在B组，分子聚类结果和传统的分类学相吻合，由此表达这15个有效引物的PAPD分子标记技术能较为客观地反庆出红树植物种间的遗传亲缘关系，并为从分子水平研究红树植物遗传多样性，保护，开发和利用红树林资源提供科学依据。  相似文献   

MCI技术及其在塔中47油藏油源对比中的应用     

冯武军  王飞宇  彭正琼 《海相油气地质》2006,11(2):57-62

流体包裹体成分分析技术(MCI)是应用分子有机地球化学参数研究烃类包裹体成分的一种方法。它与常规技术相比具有三个显著优点:可以分析包裹体内烃类组成,达到分子级水平;使用化学试剂氧化处理包裹体表面污染物,避免高温操作影响流体包裹体烃类组成;空白实验贯穿全过程以确保包裹体的清洁性。该技术能够成功解决源岩、成熟度、油气充注期次及油气二次蚀变等问题。选取塔中47井石炭系和志留系的两块样品进行了MCI分析,取得正构烷烃、萜烷、甾烷等分布参数。结果显示,塔中47油藏中石炭系与志留系原油属同源;与油砂抽提物相比,包裹体烃类的成熟度较低;志留系油砂与包裹体烃类有不同的母源;志留系中至少存在两期油气充注,其晚期充注的油气有轻微水洗或生物降解作用。  相似文献