Earth X-ray albedo for cosmic X-ray background radiation in the 1–1000 keV band     

E. Churazov  S. Sazonov  R. Sunyaev  M. Revnivtsev 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,385(2):719-727

We present calculations of the reflection of the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) by the Earth's atmosphere in the 1–1000 keV energy range. The calculations include Compton scattering and X-ray fluorescent emission and are based on a realistic chemical composition of the atmosphere. Such calculations are relevant for CXB studies using the Earth as an obscuring screen (as was recently done by INTEGRAL ). The Earth's reflectivity is further compared with that of the Sun and the Moon – the two other objects in the Solar system subtending a large solid angle on the sky, as needed for CXB studies.  相似文献   

A new method of measuring the cluster peculiar velocity power spectrum     

Pengjie Zhang  Hume A. Feldman  Roman Juszkiewicz  Albert Stebbins 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,388(2):884-888

We propose to use spatial correlations of the kinetic Sunyaev–Zeldovich (KSZ) flux as an estimator of the peculiar velocity power spectrum. In contrast with conventional techniques, our new method does not require measurements of the thermal SZ signal or the X-ray temperature. Moreover, this method has the special advantage that the expected systematic errors are always subdominant to statistical errors on all scales and redshifts of interest. We show that future large sky coverage KSZ surveys may allow a peculiar velocity power spectrum estimates of an accuracy reaching ∼10 per cent.  相似文献   

A low cosmic microwave background variance in the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data     

C. Monteserín  R. B. Barreiro  P. Vielva  E. Martínez-González  M. P. Hobson  A. N. Lasenby 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,387(1):209-219

We have estimated the cosmic microwave background (CMB) variance from the three-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) data, finding a value which is significantly lower than the one expected from Gaussian simulations using the WMAP best-fitting cosmological model, at a significance level of 98.7 per cent. This result is even more prominent if we consider only the North ecliptic hemisphere (99.8 per cent). Different analyses have been performed in order to identify a possible origin for this anomaly. In particular, we have studied the behaviour of single-radiometer and single-year data as well as the effect of residual foregrounds and 1/f noise, finding that none of these possibilities can explain the low value of the variance. We have also tested the effect of varying the cosmological parameters, finding that the estimated CMB variance tends to favour higher values of n _s than the one of the WMAP best-fitting model. In addition, we have also tested the consistency between the estimated CMB variance and the actual measured CMB power spectrum of the WMAP data, finding a strong discrepancy. A possible interpretation of this result could be a deviation from Gaussianity and/or isotropy of the CMB.  相似文献   

Determining the motion of the Solar system relative to the cosmic microwave background using Type Ia supernovae     

Christopher Gordon  Kate Land  An&#;e Slosar 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,387(1):371-376

We estimate the Solar system motion relative to the cosmic microwave background using Type Ia supernovae (SNe) measurements. We take into account the correlations in the error bars of the SNe measurements arising from correlated peculiar velocities. Without accounting for correlations in the peculiar velocities, the SNe data we use appear to detect the peculiar velocity of the Solar system at about the 3.5σ level. However, when the correlations are correctly accounted for, the SNe data only detect the Solar system peculiar velocity at about the 2.5σ level. We forecast that the Solar system peculiar velocity will be detected at the 9σ level by GAIA and the 11σ level by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. For these surveys, we find the correlations are much less important as most of the signal comes from higher redshifts where the number density of SNe is insufficient for the correlations to be important.  相似文献   

Mixed three-point correlation functions of the non-linear integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect and their detectability     

B. M. Schäfer 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,388(3):1394-1402

In this paper, I investigate the family of mixed three-point correlation functions  〈τ ^q γ^{3− q} 〉, q = 0, 1, 2  , between the integrated Sachs–Wolfe (iSW) temperature perturbation τ and the galaxy overdensity γ as a tool for detecting the gravitational interaction of cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons with the potentials of non-linearly evolving cosmological structures. Both the iSW-effect and the galaxy overdensity are derived in hyperextended perturbation theory to second order and I emphasize the different parameter sensitivities of the linear and non-linear iSW-effect. I examine the configuration dependence of the relevant bispectra, quantify their sensitivities and discuss their degeneracies with respect to the cosmological parameters  Ω_m, σ₈, h   and the dark energy equation of state parameter w . I give detection significances for combining Planck CMB data and galaxy sample of a survey like Dark UNiverse Explorer (DUNE) by using a quadratic approximation for the likelihood with Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) as the fiducial cosmology: the combination of Planck with DUNE should be able to reach a cumulative signal-to-noise ratio of ≃0.6 for the bispectrum  〈τγ²〉  up to ℓ= 2000, which is too weak to be detected. The most important noise source is the primary CMB fluctuations as the Poisson noise in the galaxy number density is almost negligible for a survey like DUNE.  相似文献   

A new method for determining the sensitivity of X-ray imaging observations and the X-ray number counts     

A. Georgakakis †  K. Nandra  E. S. Laird  J. Aird  M. Trichas 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,388(3):1205-1213

We present a new method for determining the sensitivity of X-ray imaging observations, which correctly accounts for the observational biases that affect the probability of detecting a source of a given X-ray flux, without the need to perform a large number of time-consuming simulations. We use this new technique to estimate the X-ray source counts in different spectral bands (0.5–2, 0.5–10, 2–10 and 5–10 keV) by combining deep pencil-beam and shallow wide-area Chandra observations. The sample has a total of 6295 unique sources over an area of  11.8 deg²  and is the largest used to date to determine the X-ray number counts. We determine, for the first time, the break flux in the 5–10 keV band, in the case of a double power-law source count distribution. We also find an upturn in the 0.5–2 keV counts at fluxes below about  6 × 10⁻¹⁷ erg s⁻¹ cm⁻²  . We show that this can be explained by the emergence of normal star-forming galaxies which dominate the X-ray population at faint fluxes. The fraction of the diffuse X-ray background resolved into point sources at different spectral bands is also estimated. It is argued that a single population of Compton thick active galactic nuclei (AGN) cannot be responsible for the entire unresolved X-ray background in the energy range 2–10 keV.  相似文献   

北京地区大气PM10和SO2的背景浓度分析   总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15  

蔡旭晖  张睿  宋宇  谢绍东 《气候与环境研究》2004,9(3):445-453

用 2 0 0 0年 1、 4、 7、 1 0月北京地区 5个测站的逐时环境监测资料 ,同期 2 0个测点的逐时气象观测数据 ,结合风场诊断和随机游走扩散模拟方法 ,分析北京城区污染物的输送扩散作用对郊外清洁对照点 (定陵站 )浓度监测结果的影响 ,并初步推断这一地区大气可吸入颗粒物 (PM1 0 )和二氧化硫 (SO2 )的背景浓度。结果表明 ,清洁对照点定陵站受北京城区大气污染物的影响显著。去除这种影响并经进一步的概率分析 ,获得本地区SO2 的背景浓度估计值在冬季 ( 1月 )约为 0 0 4 4mgm- 3 以下 ,其他各季约为 0 0 0 8mgm- 3;PM1 0在冬春夏季 ( 1、 4、 7月 )的背景浓度估计值约为 0 0 3～ 0 0 4mgm- 3,秋季( 1 0月 )约为 0 0 1～ 0 0 2mgm- 3。  相似文献   

中国红层的分布及地质环境特征   总被引：47，自引：3，他引：44  

程强寇小兵  黄绍槟周永江 《工程地质学报》2004,12(1):34-40

根据我国红层的分布特征及形成背景 ,将我国红层划分为西南地区红层、西北地区红层、中南、东南地区红层和其他地区 (西藏及华北的部分地区 )红层。重点研究了以川滇红层为代表的西南地区红层和以甘肃红层为代表的西北地区红层 ,研究了各个区域红层的地质构造特征、地形地貌特征、气候环境特征等工程地质环境特征 ,根据工程地质环境特征 ,将研究区域的红层划分为四川盆地红层、西昌滇中红层、滇西红层和甘肃红层.  相似文献   

应用多元素背景判别法在浅覆盖区进行1:20万地质填图的尝试     

王保林  翁士明  汤正江 《安徽地质》2005,15(4):294-297,309

运用1：20万水系沉积物测量中多种元素的背景含量对浅覆盖区的主要地质体和线形构造进行尝试性划分。通过对区域化探资料的整理分析,依据地球化学示踪作用原理,运用多元素背景判别法,较好地圈定了存在元素含量差的地质体和线性构造,提高浅覆盖区区域地质填图成果的信息承载量。  相似文献   

非洲大陆构造单元划分     

胡鹏  任军平  向鹏  古阿雷  王建雄  王杰  吴大天  向文帅  孙凯  赵凯  刘晓阳  姜军胜  曾威  曾国平  张航  刘江涛  周佐民 《地质通报》2022,(1):1-18

非洲大陆地质演化历史悠久,矿产资源丰富.综合已有研究成果,对非洲大陆地质背景、构造单元划分及主要构造单元特征进行简要总结.非洲大陆跨特提斯和冈瓦纳两大构造域,大部分属于冈瓦纳构造域,主要由太古宙—古元古代结晶基底、上覆盖层和泛非构造带组成.根据非洲大陆地质背景和构造演化,在前人研究的基础上,将非洲大陆划分为2个一级构造...  相似文献