Molecular dynamics calculation of liquid iron properties and adiabatic temperature gradient in the Earth's outer core     

L. Ko&#;i  A. B. Belonoshko  R. Ahuja 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,168(2):890-894

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Behaviour of H₂O₂, NH₃, and black carbon in mixed-phase clouds during CIME     

Paolo Laj  Andrea I. Flossmann  Wolfram Wobrock  Sandro Fuzzi  Giordano Orsi  Loretta Ricci  Stephan Mertes  Alfons Schwarzenbck  Jost Heintzenberg  Harry Ten Brink 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4):256

We investigated the partitioning of trace substances during the phase transition from supercooled to mixed-phase cloud induced by artificial seeding. Simultaneous determination of the concentrations of H₂O₂, NH₃ and black carbon (BC) in both condensed and interstitial phases with high time resolution showed that the three species undergo different behaviour in the presence of a mixture of ice crystals and supercooled droplets. Both H₂O₂ and NH₃ are efficiently scavenged by growing ice crystals, whereas BC stayed predominantly in the interstitial phase. In addition, the scavenging of H₂O₂ is driven by co-condensation with water vapour onto ice crystals while NH₃ uptake into the ice phase is more efficient than co-condensation alone. The high solubility of NH₄⁺ in the ice could explain this result. Finally, it appears that the H₂O₂–SO₂ reaction is very slow in the ice phase with respect to the liquid phase. Our results are directly applicable for clouds undergoing limited riming.  相似文献   

成矿流体研究的若干进展与动态   总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13       下载免费PDF全文

张连昌  赵伦山 《地质与勘探》2001,37(1):7-10

近年成矿流体研究在大规模流体的存在与运移、巨型矿床与流体的关系、成矿流体输运动力学、建立热液成矿反应体系及成矿流体分测试技术等方面取得了重要进展；今后成矿流体研究在流体的运移路径与成矿预测、超临界流体与金属矿产巨量堆积的关系及成矿流体的计算机模拟等方面走势明显。  相似文献   

Generation of Deccan Trap magmas   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Gautam Sen 《Journal of Earth System Science》2001,110(4):409-431

Deccan Trap magmas may have erupted through multiple centers, the most prominent of which may have been a shield volcano-like structure in the Western Ghats area. The lavas are predominantly tholeiitic; alkalic mafic lavas and carbonatites are rare. Radioisotope dating, magnetic chronology, and age constraints from paleontology indicate that although the eruption started some 68 Ma, the bulk of lavas erupted at around 65–66 Ma. Paleomagnetic constraints indicate an uncertainty of ± 500,000 years for peak volcanic activity at 65 m.y. in the type section of the Western Ghats. Maximum magma residence times were calculated in this study based on growth rates of “giant plagioclase” crystals in lavas that marked the end phase of volcanic activity of different magma chambers. These calculations suggest that the > 1.7 km thick Western Ghats section might have erupted within a much shorter time interval of ∼ 55,000 years, implying phenomenal eruption rates that are orders of magnitude larger than any present-day eruption rate from any tectonic environment. Other significant observations/conclusions are as follows: (1) Deccan lavas can be grouped into stratigraphic subdivisions based on their geochemistry; (2) While some formations are relatively uncontaminated others are strongly contaminated by the continental crust; (3) Deccan magmas were produced by 15–30% melting of a Fe-rich lherzolitic source at ∼ 3–2 GPa; (4) Parent magmas of the relatively uncontaminated Ambenali formation had a primitive composition with 16%MgO, 47%SiO₂; (5) Deccan magmas were generated much deeper and by significantly more melting than other continental flood basalt provinces; (6) The erupted Deccan tholeiitic lavas underwent fractionation and magma mixing at ∼ 0.2 GPa. The composition and origin of the crust and crust/mantle boundary beneath the Deccan are discussed with respect to the influence of Deccan magmatic episode.  相似文献   

Processing of oxidised nitrogen compounds by passage through winter-time orographic cloud     

R. N. Colvile  T. W. Choularton  J. N. Cape  B. J. Bandy  K. N. Bower  R. A. Burgess  T. J. Davies  G. J. Dollard  M. W. Gallagher  K. J. Hargreaves  B. M. R. Jones  S. A. Penkett  R. L. Storeton-West 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,24(3):211-239

Four case studies are described, from a three-site field experiment in October/November 1991 using the Great Dun Fell flow-through reactor hill cap cloud in rural Northern England. Measurements of total odd-nitrogen nitrogen oxides (NO _y ) made on either side of the hill, before and after the air flowed through the cloud, showed that 10 to 50% of the NO _y , called NO _z , was neither NO nor NO₂. This NO _z failed to exhibit a diurnal variation and was often higher after passage through cloud than before. No evidence of conversion of NO _z to NO₃ ^- in cloud was found. A simple box model of gas-phase chemistry in air before it reached the cloud, including scavenging of NO₃ and N₂O₅ by aerosol of surface area proportional to the NO₂ mixing ratio, shows that NO₃ and N₂O₅ may build up in the boundary layer by night only if stable stratification insulates the air from emissions of NO. This may explain the lack of evidence for N₂O₅ forming NO₃ ^- in cloud under well-mixed conditions in 1991, in contrast with observations under stably stratified conditions during previous experiments when evidence of N₂O₅ was found. Inside the cloud, some variations in the calculated total atmospheric loading of HNO₂ and the cloud liquid water content were related to each other. Also, indications of conversion of NO _x to NO _z were found. To explain these observations, scavenging of NO _x and HNO₂ by cloud droplets and/or aqueous-phase oxidation of NO₂ ^- by nitrate radicals are considered. When cloud acidity was being produced by aqueous-phase oxidation of NO _x or SO₂, NO₃ ^- which had entered the cloud as aerosol particles was liberated as HNO₃ vapour. When no aqueous-phase production of acidity was occurring, the reverse, conversion of scavenged HNO₃ to particulate NO₃ ^-, was observed.  相似文献   

人工增雨降温机理的数值模拟研究: 对流云个例试验   总被引：1，自引：11，他引：1  

陈宝君  宋娟 《气象科学》2006,26(1):47-52

为减轻夏季用电负荷,2004年我国许多省市实施了碘化银催化增雨降温作业。本文利用数值模拟方法讨论了强对流云(冰雹云)催化降温的机理。模拟结果表明,实施碘化银催化后,地面降雨量增加、降雹量减少、地面温度降低。催化使得云中冰晶、霰和雨水的含量增加,造成云雨蒸发、霰的融化(蒸发)及冰晶升华量增加,从而使空气温度降低。  相似文献   

一次过冷层状云催化云迹微物理特征的卫星遥感分析   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5  

戴进  余兴  Daniel Rosenfel  徐小红 《气象学报》2006,64(5):622-630

利用卫星反演技术,通过卫星观测到的一次人工增雨催化作业后形成的云迹线个例,分析了云迹线与其周围云的光谱特征、亮温、亮温差、云顶粒子有效半径等云微物理特征,比较了它们之间的差异,揭示了这次过冷层状云催化的微物理效应。云迹实际上是持续时间超过80 min、宽和深分别约为14 km和1.5 km的云谷。云迹周围的云顶粒子有效半径为10—15μm,而云沟内的粒子在15—24μm变化。周围云体由过冷滴组成,中间可能夹杂了一些低浓度的冰粒子,云沟内云的主要成分是冰。和周围未被催化的云相比,0.6μm通道的光谱反射率,在云沟处有明显的增加,而3.7μm通道反射率在云沟内是降低的,尽管其绝对变化幅度不大,但其相对变化幅度较大。随着播云时间的增加,云沟深度、宽度逐渐增加,云沟内和周围云体的温差逐渐增加,对通道4和5而言,在最早催化部位,最大分别达到4.2℃和3.9℃,4和5通道之间云沟内的亮温差也是随冰晶化时间的增加而增加,最大为1.4℃,而云沟周围云为0.2—0.4℃。云沟的形成、云沟内云顶温度的增加和4,5通道之间亮温差的增加,都足以说明被播云体变薄,其原因是由于云顶降水使得云内的水流失,云顶下降。云顶冰晶化、冰粒子增长成降水造成云顶下沉,是云沟形成的主要原因。对于本次播云作业,晶化作用在播云22 min后逐渐显现。在播云后38—63 min,有新的水云在云沟的中间部位生成,可能是由于冻结潜热释放引起的上升运动所致。而新生水云在形成较早的云迹中没有出现,这些较早形成的云迹在80多分钟的整个观测期间持续扩散。最终,在周围云从外向云沟内的扩散过程中,云沟开始消散。  相似文献   

Registration of terrestrial laser scanner data using imagery     

Khalil  Al-Manasir  Clive S.  Fraser 《The Photogrammetric Record》2006,21(115):255-268

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A numerical model of the partitioning of trace chemical solutes during drop freezing     

A. L. Stuart  M. Z. Jacobson 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2006,53(1):13-42

Partitioning of volatile chemicals among the gas, liquid, and solid phases during freezing of liquid water in clouds can impact trace chemical distributions in the troposphere and in precipitation. We describe here a numerical model of this partitioning during the freezing of a supercooled liquid drop. Our model includes the time-dependent calculation of the coupled processes of crystallization kinetics, heat transport, and solute mass transport, for a freezing hydrometeor particle. We demonstrate the model for tracer partitioning during the freezing of a 1000 μm radius drop on a 100 μm ice substrate, under a few ambient condition scenarios. The model effectively simulates particle freezing and solute transport, yielding results that are qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with previous experimental and theoretical work. Results suggest that the ice shell formation time is governed by heat loss to air and not by dendrite propagation, and that the location of ice nucleation is not important to freezing times or the effective partitioning of chemical solutes. Even for the case of nucleation at the center of the drop, we found that dendrites propagated rapidly to form surface ice. Freezing then proceeded from the outside in. Results also indicate that the solid-liquid interfacial surface area is not important to freezing times or the effective partitioning of chemical solutes, and that the rate aspects of trapping are more important than equilibrium solid-liquid partitioning to the effective partitioning resulting from freezing.  相似文献   

Distribution and Geochemical Implication of Aromatic Hydrocarbons across the Meishan Permian-Triassic Boundary   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

黄咸雨 焦丹鲁力强  黄俊华谢树成 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2006,17(1):49-54

INTRODUCTIONThe Permian-Triassic ( Tr/P) boundary , datedto be (251 .4±0 .3) Ma ago ,is marked by the mostdrastic mass extinction of organisms in the Phanero-zoic .In order to explore the pattern and the cause ofthe mass extinction,extensive research has been fo-cused on biostratigraphy , isotopic chronostratigra-phy , event stratigraphy , ecostratigraphy and se-quence stratigraphy (Payne et al .,2004 ; Reichowetal .,2002 ; Yin et al .,2001 ;Jin et al .,2000 ;Zhanget al .,1996 ,1995 ;…  相似文献