The middle space of migration: A case study on brokerage and recruitment agencies in Nepal     

《Geoforum》2015

Foreign employment has become a global phenomenon. With the increasing commercialisation and formalisation of transnational labour migration, recruitment agencies and agents have gained importance. The paper aims to contribute to a more differentiated understanding of the role and the practices of the main actors in the middle space of migration, the brokers in the recruitment process for transnational migration. Based on empirical material from Nepal, it argues that the detected negative reputation of labour brokers is only partially justified. Besides common bad practices and fraud cases, recruiters perform important roles for the facilitation of transnational mobility and present the necessary infrastructure for labour migration. They connect people and places, establish networks and can play an important role in making migration safer. Brokers are important facilitators in supporting alternative income strategies and new livelihood options of people. At the same time they are entrepreneurs in a competitive and risky economic field, confronted with multifaceted constraints. As long as the gap between the dreams of potential migrants and the reality of marginality in Nepal remains wide, labour brokers might persist as important middlemen for global work. Thus, migration brokerage is likely to remain big business.  相似文献   

利用大地测量数据反演断层滑移分布的MCMC方法     

周新 《大地测量与地球动力学》2017,37(10):996-1002

断层滑移的反演可以表达为一个不等式约束下的正则化问题。本文基于改进的MCMC方法,利用GPS位移数据反演2015年尼泊尔地震的同震滑移分布。结果表明,主要滑移集中在震中东侧靠近加德满都的区域,最大滑移约7 m,最大滑移误差约为滑移量的10%,地震矩为7.67×1020 Nm,相当于MW7.86,与其他手段得到的结果一致。利用反演模型预测的GPS位移与观测相吻合。震例结果表明,改进的MCMC方法适用于断层滑移分布的反演,并能够从统计角度给出滑移误差。  相似文献   

Jurassic ammonite faunas from Nepal and their bearing on the palaeobiogeography of the Himalayan belt     

Raymond Enay  Elie Cariou 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》1999,17(5-6)

From the Upper Bathonian up to the Tithonian–Berriasian, six main faunas and twelve basic faunal assemblages within them are distinguished in Nepal. The successive faunas show (1) low taxonomic diversity and (2) the dominance of a small number of genera and the subordinate place of the associated taxa.The assemblages include: (1) strictly Tethyan (e.g., Mediterranean or European Tethyan) species and/or genera, very few in number and occurring as isolated individuals or discontinuous faunal horizons; (2) Indo-Malagasian components, some scattered, others with a wide occurrence in the SW Pacific, some as far as Antarctica and/or Patagonia; (3) indigenous genera endemic for the Himalayas and the SW Pacific region. Faunas of the same age for the Sula Islands, Papua-New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica and South America are also considered.In spite of common components, the Himalayan faunas contrast with the relatively higher diversity of the Indo-Malagasian faunas. Low diversity and dominance of indigenous genera mean that the faunas extending from the Himalayas to Antarctica and Patagonia represent an actual biogeographical unit, the Indo Pacific (faunas and) Realm.Indo Pacific and Tethyan faunas show a less marked contrast than the Tethyan and Boreal. Transitional or mixed faunas of subaustral type developed in the Indo-Malagasian and Andean regions. This is explained by the absence of a geographical trap comparable to the land-locked palaeogeography of the Arctic Basin. The palaeogeography of the Arctic amplified the role of the other environmental factors. Among these the high latitude seasonal effects are likely to have resulted in environmental instability, controlling trophic resources and therefore the structure of the ecosystems, for instance low diversity and high density of the high latitude ammonite faunas.  相似文献   

Seismic Damage to Owner-Built RC Frames in Charikot during the 2015 Nepal Earthquake Sequence     

Qu Zhe  Wang Tao  Lin Xuchuan  Zhang Haoyu  Yang Yongqiang 《中国地震研究》2018,32(4):584-601

The damage to the masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings in Charikot, the capital city of Dolakha district in Nepal, during the 2015 April-to-May Nepal earthquake sequence is reported. Most of these buildings were built by the owners with little governmental inspections regarding their structural design or constructional quality. Although they generally performed better than other structural systems such as stone-masonry houses, the RC frames sustained extensive damage ranging from cracking of infill to complete collapse. In particular, eight of the 72 inspected RC frames alongside an uphill street collapsed in different ways. In addition to the un-engineered nature of these RC frames, their collapse could also be attributed to multiple technical reasons including the effect of terrain, the pounding between adjacent buildings and the accumulative damage in the earthquake sequence.  相似文献   

Protracted river response to medieval earthquakes     

Amelie Stolle  Wolfgang Schwanghart  Christoff Andermann  Anne Bernhardt  Monique Fort  John D. Jansen  Hella Wittmann  Silke Merchel  Georg Rugel  Basanta Raj Adhikari  Oliver Korup 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(1):331-341

Mountain rivers respond to strong earthquakes by rapidly aggrading to accommodate excess sediment delivered by co-seismic landslides. Detailed sediment budgets indicate that rivers need several years to decades to recover from seismic disturbances, depending on how recovery is defined. We examine three principal proxies of river recovery after earthquake-induced sediment pulses around Pokhara, Nepal's second largest city. Freshly exhumed cohorts of floodplain trees in growth position indicate rapid and pulsed sedimentation that formed a fan covering 150 km² in a Lesser Himalayan basin with tens of metres of debris between the 11th and 15th centuries AD. Radiocarbon dates of buried trees are consistent with those of nearby valley deposits linked to major medieval earthquakes, such that we can estimate average rates of re-incision since. We combine high-resolution digital elevation data, geodetic field surveys, aerial photos, and dated tree trunks to reconstruct geomorphic marker surfaces. The volumes of sediment relative to these surfaces require average net sediment yields of up to 4200 t km^–2 yr^–1 for the 650 years since the last inferred earthquake-triggered sediment pulse. The lithological composition of channel bedload differs from that of local bedrock, confirming that rivers are still mostly evacuating medieval valley fills, locally incising at rates of up to 0.2 m yr^–1. Pronounced knickpoints and epigenetic gorges at tributary junctions further illustrate the protracted fluvial response; only the distal portions of the earthquake-derived sediment wedges have been cut to near their base. Our results challenge the notion that mountain rivers recover speedily from earthquakes within years to decades. The valley fills around Pokhara show that even highly erosive Himalayan rivers may need more than several centuries to adjust to catastrophic perturbations. Our results motivate some rethinking of post-seismic hazard appraisals and infrastructural planning in active mountain regions. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effects of the Nepal MS8.1 Earthquake in 2015 on Seismic Activity in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau     

CHENG Guoliang  ZHANG Yuansheng  WEI Congxin 《中国地震研究》2019,33(3):451-460

We obtained the displacement and deformation caused by the 2015 Nepal M_S8.1 earthquake adopting the finite element method, and analyzed the displacement and deformation characteristics and effect of three large earthquakes on seismic activity in the Qinghai-Tibetan block. Our primary results suggest southward movement of the Qinghai-Tibetan block is caused by a large earthquake occurring on thrust fault in the Himalayan zone, the displacement direction is reverse to the background displacement. The occurrence of these large earthquakes will result in stress unloading and earthquake activity will be weakened in stress unloading areas. Through the simulation results, we can detect the distribution area of stress loading and unloading caused by large earthquakes. Simultaneously, it provides a fundamental evidence for determination of earthquake activity trend.  相似文献   

Estimate of Ablation Rate of Glacier Ice under a Supraglacial Debris Layer     

Masayoshi Nakawo  & Birbal Rana 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》1999,81(4):695-701

The ablation rate under a debris layer is very difficult to measure directly at debris-covered glaciers, because the surface is highly heterogeneous, and the ablation rate varies tremendously from place to place. Heat budget considerations with a debris layer on top of glacier ice suggested that 'thermal resistance' of the debris layer could be estimated from surface temperature and the heat fluxes at the debris surface, and the ablation rate of the underlying glacier ice from the thermal resistance and meteorological data. The method was tested at the Lirung Glacier in Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalayas, using the thermal band of LANDSAT satellite for estimating surface temperature distribution of the debris top surface. The amount of melt water thus estimated was compatible with the observed discharge data from the glacier basin for periods of the monsoon season in 1985 and the pre-monsoon to the monsoon season in 1996. The investigation also revealed that the amount of discharge was much larger than the amount of precipitation over the basin, and it was suggested that the melt water from the debris-covered glacier contributes significantly to the river flow as a result of the shrinkage of the glacier.  相似文献   

The use of 3-D mapping in geological research and risks analysis: evaluation of a water supply project in the Kathmandu-Melamchi Area     

C. Bardinet  E. Bournay 《GeoJournal》1999,49(2):159-163

Using 2-D and 3-D multi satellite data (SPOT and LANDSAT TM) in a GIS allows us to produce 3-D digital elevation maps (DEM) through the techniques of remote sensing (RS) analysis and computer aided mapping. In the field of geotechnical research, since 1992, some works have been made in cooperation with ICIMOD-MENRIS, the department of Mines and Geology in Nepal, and the bilateral cooperation from both France and Germany. The use of 2-D and 3-D digital maps to geological and geotechnical research and risks analysis, concerns here the evaluation of the new water supply project Kathmandu-Melamchi proposed by WHO-UNDP and the World Bank. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

THRUST PACKAGES OF 1.68 Ga INDIAN SUPRA-CRUSTAL ROCKS IN THE MIOCENE SIWALIK BELT,CENTRAL NEPAL HIMALAYAS     

Harutaka Sakai    Yutaka Takigami    B.N.Upreti    D.P.Adhikary  WT  ”BX 《地学前缘》2000,(Z1)

THRUST PACKAGES OF 1.68 Ga INDIAN SUPRA-CRUSTAL ROCKS IN THE MIOCENE SIWALIK BELT,CENTRAL NEPAL HIMALAYAS  相似文献   

GEOLOGY OF THE TAPLEJUNG WINDOW AND FRONTAL BELT, FAR EASTERN NEPAL HIMALAYA     

B.N. Upreti    H. Sakai    S.M. Rai   《地学前缘》2000,(Z1)

GEOLOGY OF THE TAPLEJUNG WINDOW AND FRONTAL BELT, FAR EASTERN NEPAL HIMALAYA1　PecherA .Deformationandmetamorphismeassociesaunezonedecisaillement :Exampledugrandchevauchementcen tralHimalayan (MCT) [M ].Thesed’Etat,UnivGrenoble ,France ,1978.35 4. 2　RaiSM .LesnappesdeKathmandudtduGosainkund ,HimalayaduNepalcentral[M ].Thesededoctoral,Univ .Grenoble ,France ,1998.2 44 . 3　SchellingD ,AritaK .Thrusttectonics ,crustalshortening ,andthestructureofthe…  相似文献