Initial stages of effluent plume development, Kinloch water treatment plant (WTP), Kinloch, Taupo, New Zealand     

K. Dabell  C. Hendy  J. Hadfield  N. Kim 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):15

Studies of groundwater following changes to the wastewater treatment plant and disposal field at Kinloch (Taupo area, New Zealand) showed increases in chloride (Cl) after 5 months, followed by increased calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations arising as a result of cation exchange with sodium (Na) and potassium (K). Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) showed only small increases after 12 months of initial discharge, while phosphorus (P) was still being totally adsorbed by ion exchange in the aquifer.  相似文献   

Helium isotopes provide no evidence for deep mantle involvement in widespread Cenozoic volcanism across Central Asia     

T.L. Barry  A.V. Ivanov  S.V. Rasskazov  E.I. Demonterova  T.J. Dunai  G.R. Davies  D. Harrison   《Lithos》2007,95(3-4):415-424

Small-volume alkali basaltic volcanism has occurred intermittently for the past + 30 My across a vast area of thick continental crust from southern Siberia, through Mongolia to northeast China. With a lack of evidence for Basin-and-Range-type crustal extension or rifting, models to explain the widely dispersed, yet long-lived, volcanism tend to favour involvement of one or more mantle plume(s). We examine the range of ³He/⁴He isotope values in olivine phenocrysts from basalts, and their entrained mantle xenoliths, from Hamar Daban in southern Siberia, and Hangai in central Mongolia, in order to examine whether upwelling lower mantle appears to be present beneath central Asia and thus test the validity of the plume model for this region. Our results show that the maximum ³He/⁴He value for the Siberian basalts is 8.12 ± 0.2R_a, and the maximum value for Mongolian basalts is 9.5 ± 0.5R_a. These values suggest that there is no significant contribution from a high ³He/⁴He primordial component that would strongly argue a lower mantle source. Overlap with commonly reported values for MORB leads us to propose that the source of the magmatism derives from the shallow asthenosphere. Alternative models to a deeply sourced mantle plume that may be able to explain the magmatism include: a shallow thermal anomaly confined to the upper mantle but either fed laterally or caused by thermal blanketing of the large Asian landmass; replacement or delamination of the lowermost lithosphere in response to tectonic stresses; or large-scale mantle disturbance or overturn caused by a protracted history of subduction beneath central Asia that ended regionally with the Jurassic closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean, but continues further afield with the present Indo-Asia collision.  相似文献   

Factors influencing the spreading of a low-discharge river plume     

M. Mestres  J.P. Sierra  A. Sánchez-Arcilla 《Continental Shelf Research》2007

Coastal plumes resulting from the continuous discharge of brackish or fresh river water are common features of continental and shelf seas. They are important for several aspects of the coastal environment, and can influence the local socio-economy to some degree. It is known from many studies that the evolution of plumes depends on various factors, such as the local bathymetry, hydrodynamics and meteorological conditions; most of these works; however, have focused on medium to large-scale rivers, while the smaller-scale discharges commonly found in the microtidal environments of the Mediterranean Sea have been less studied. This paper is centred on the behaviour of a freshwater plume arising from one of such outflows, in terms of both the physical configuration of the waterbody and the characteristics of the main driving mechanisms (discharge rate and wind stress). The modelled cases correspond to an open shallow bay, limited at one end by a large headland, and into which a typical Mediterranean waterway discharges. This particular setup is representative of a number of different bays existing on the Eastern Spanish coast. The numerical results highlight the large influence of the bay's topography on the river plume's extension and inner structure.  相似文献   

黄河口附近海域表层悬浮体分布及粒度特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

周良勇  李安龙  龚淑云  刘勇  赵东波  温国义 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2007,27(5):33-38

利用2001年7月进行的两船同步走航调查资料,结合同一时期的陆地卫星合成图像,对枯水期黄河口表层悬浮体空间分布和粒度特征进行了研究。低潮时,黄河河口表层悬浮体含量、温度、盐度在河口口门外5 km范围内变化迅速,表层悬浮体含量和温度向海方向呈指数方式迅速降低,悬浮体含量由519 mg/L下降到20~30mg/L,温度则下降4℃左右;盐度则由1升至33。表层悬浮体含量的变化与表层水体温度、盐度变化有很好的对应关系,温度、盐度变化反映了河流注入的淡水在表层与海水的混合过程。与调查时期接近的一景遥感图像(RGB321)对照,可以看出图像色调变化与测量数值的变化比较吻合。悬浮体平均粒径为6.64~5.26Φ,以粉砂为主。沿测线由河口向海方向,粒度成分和粒径的变化趋势明显,粒径逐渐变粗,黏土成分减少而砂的成分增多,这可能与絮凝作用有关。  相似文献   

Potential Usage of Remote Sensing Data in Studying the Behaviour of Shore Drift Along Kerala Coast, India     

Pravin D. Kunte 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1994,38(6)

Landsat images were analysed to examine direction, amount and behaviour of long-shore drift and its contribution towards deciding areas vulnerable to coastal erosion and accretion along the coast of Kerala. Two approaches are adopted while utilizing the remote sensing data. Net shore-drift direction is determined firstly by studying various coastal landform indicators and secondly by studying offshore turbidity distribution patterns. Landform indicators study suggest that during the south-west monsoon period, strong southerly currents are eroding protruded sectors and depositing eroded material, though partially, along varying sectors. Whereas during the rest of the year, under the influence of a northerly current, accretion is taking place along retreating sectors which has been reflected in the development of beach ridges. Turbidity pattern distribution exhibited by satellite image suggests that for January and February, long-shore drift is from south to north. The results of the two studies were found to be comparable. It may be concluded that shore-drift direction, which can be determined effectively by remote sensing, is season-dependent and plays a significant role in deciding the areas of coastal erosion and accretion.  相似文献   

基于水文-地球物理模型的地下水污染磁电阻率异常动态监测仿真   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

朱凯光  扬建文 《应用地球物理》2008,5(4):322-330

We present a forward-modeling investigation of time-dependent ground magnetometric resistivity （MMR） anomalies associated with transient leachate transport in groundwater systems. Numerical geo-electrical models are constructed based on the hydrological simulation results of leachate plumes from a highly conceptualized landfill system and the resultant MMR responses are computed using a modified finite difference software MMR2DFD. Three transmitter configurations （i.e., single source, MMR-TE, and MMR-TM modes） and two hydrological models （i.e., uniform and faulted porous media） are considered. Our forward modeling results for the uniform porous medium indicates that the magnetic field components perpendicular to the dominant current flow contain the most information of the underground targets and the MMR-TE mode is an appropriate configuration for detecting contaminant plumes. The modeling experiments for the faulted porous medium also confirm that the MMR method is capable of mapping and monitoring the extent of contaminant plumes in aroundwater systems.  相似文献   

宁夏香山群徐家圈组顶部石灰岩稀土元素特征与沉积介质分析     

李向东  何幼斌 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(1):139-157

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘宁夏香山群自20世纪40年代发现以来一直存在的时代争议,已经严重地阻碍了该地区及北祁连地区早古生代大地构造、地层和古地理等研究工作,香山群徐家圈组顶部的薄层状石灰岩以其含有的古生物化石已成为解决香山群时代归属的关键地层单元。本文通过对薄层状石灰岩稀土元素及相关微量元素测试结果的分析,探讨其沉积时的海水介质条件。结果表明：依据稀土元素的分布特征,可将薄层状石灰岩分为A、B、C三组;稀土元素具有明显的Eu正异常和Ce负异常,从A组到C组Eu正异常增大,Ce负异常减小;从A组到C组,各地球化学参数呈规律性变化,（La/La^*）_N、（Y/Y^*）_N、（Gd/Gd^*）_N、Y/Ho值逐渐减小,稀土总量和轻重稀土比值逐渐增加,（La/Yb）_N与（La/Sm）_N值由小变大再变小,（Ce/Ce^*）_N值逐渐增大而U/Th值逐渐减小,Sr/Ba值稳定而Zr/Rb值增大。依据地球化学特征可推测沉积时从A组到C组的水介质变化为陆源物质影响增加、海水性质减弱、水深波动、海水由还原到氧化、水动力增强和盐度基本稳定。结合稀土元素Eu异常现象及相关研究成果,推测徐家圈组顶部的薄层状石灰岩沉积于氧化-还原层化海洋靠近分界线的还原带内,热液羽引发的深水水体流动（内波、内潮汐）可能控制着陆源物质的输入和水体的氧化-还原环境,在还原的总体背景上产生水动力氧化现象。  相似文献   

Void fraction measurements and scale effects in breaking waves in freshwater and seawater     

C.E. Blenkinsopp  J.R. Chaplin 《Coastal Engineering》2011

This paper follows from the work of Blenkinsopp and Chaplin (2007) and describes detailed measurements of the time-varying distribution of void fractions generated by breaking waves in freshwater, artificial seawater and natural seawater under laboratory conditions, along with flow visualisation of the entrainment process. The measurements were made with highly sensitive optical fibre phase detection probes and the results demonstrate that although an additional population of fine (d < 0.3 mm) bubbles existed in the seawater cases, the total volume and distribution of entrained air, and the spatial and temporal evolution of the bubble plumes were very similar in all three water types. The influence of water type may be relatively insignificant, but a numerical bubble tracking model shows that the effect of scale is an important consideration when modelling the post-entrainment evolution of breaker-entrained bubble plumes. Consequently the results suggest that while the use of freshwater in laboratory models of oceanic processes can be considered valid in most situations, the effect of scale may impact interpretation of the results.  相似文献   

Did prolonged two-stage fragmentation of the supercontinent Kenorland lead to arrested orogenesis on the southern margin of the Superior province?     

Grant M.Young 《地学前缘(英文版)》2015,6(3):419-435

Recent geochronological investigations reinforce the early suggestion that the upper part of the Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup of Ontario,Canada is present in the Animikie Basin on the south shore of Lake Superior.These rocks,beginning with the glaciogenic Gowganda Formation,are interpreted as passive margin deposits.The absence of the lower Huronian(rift succession) from the Animikie Basin may be explained by attributing the oldest Paleoroterozoic rocks in the Animikie Basin(Chocolay Group)to deposition on the upper plate of a north-dipping detachment fault,which lacks sediments of the rift phase.Following thermal uplift that led to opening of the Huronian Ocean on the south side of what is now the Superior province,renewed uplift(plume activity) caused large-scale gravitational folding of the Huronian Supergroup accompanied by intrusion of the Nipissing diabase suite and Senneterre dikes at about 2.2 Ga.Termination of passive margin sedimentation is normally followed by ocean closure but in the Huronian and Animikie basins there was a long hiatus- the Great Stratigraphic Gap- which lasted for about 350 Ma.This hiatus is attributed to a second prolonged thermal uplift of part of Kenorland that culminated in complete dismemberment of the supercontinent shortly before 2.0 Ga by opening of the Circum-Superior Ocean.These events caused regional uplift(the Great Stratigraphic Gap) and delayed completion of the Huronian Wilson Cycle until a regional compressional tectonic episode,including the Penokean orogeny,belatedly flooded the southern margin of the Superior province with foreland basin deposits,established the limits of the Superior structural province and played an important role in constructing Laurentia.  相似文献   

Topographic steering of dense overflows: Laboratory experiments with V-shaped ridges and canyons   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

E. Darelius   《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2008,55(8):1021-1034

Topographic corrugations such as canyons and ridges cross-cutting the path of a dense plume may effectively steer all or part of the plume downslope. Here, topographically steered flows are investigated experimentally, as laminar, dense gravity currents are observed to impinge on and flow along sloping, V-shaped canyons and ridges. Ridges, as well as canyons, were observed to steer the dense water downslope. A dynamical regime, in which the along-slope transport is balanced by a return flow in the Ekman layer to maintain a geostrophically balanced downslope flow along the corrugation, has been proposed. Results from a previously published analytical model describing such flows are compared with the laboratory experiments. The response of the flow to variations in four governing parameters (slope, rotation, volume flux and reduced gravity) is generally described well by the model and results agree qualitatively, although theory slightly underestimates the dense layer thickness. Vertical velocity profiles resolving the Ekman spiral were obtained using a laser Doppler velocimeter and they showed the secondary, transverse circulation superimposed on the primary, downslope flow. A particle flowing down the canyon/along the ridge can be expected to follow a helix-like path, and dye released within the dense layer showed this. The experiments support the analytical model and the dynamical regime proposed for topographically steered flows. The gravity current split in two when the transport capacity of the corrugation was exceeded; one part continued along the slope and the other flowed downslope along the corrugation.  相似文献