Catastrophic detachment and high-velocity long-runout flow of Kolka Glacier, Caucasus Mountains, Russia in 2002   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stephen G. Evans  Olga V. Tutubalina  Valery N. Drobyshev  Sergey S. Chernomorets  Scott McDougall  Dmitry A. Petrakov  Oldrich Hungr 《Geomorphology》2009,105(3-4):314-321

In September 2002, a catastrophic geomorphic event occurred in the Caucasus Mountains, southern Russia, in which almost the entire mass of Kolka Glacier detached from its bed, accelerated to a very high velocity (max. 65–80 m/s), and traveled a total distance of 19 km downstream as a glacier-debris flow. Based on the interpretation of satellite imagery obtained only 8.5 h before the event occurred, the analysis of seismograms from nearby seismic stations, and subsequent detailed field observations and measurements, we suggest that this remarkable event was not a response to impulse loading from a rock avalanche in the mountainside above the glacier, or to glacier surging, but due entirely to the static and delayed catastrophic response of the Kolka glacier to ice and debris loading over a period of months prior to the September 20 detachment. We reconstruct the glacier-debris flow using field observations in conjunction with the interpretation of seismographs from nearby seismic stations and successfully simulate the behaviour (runout, velocity, and deposition) of the post-detachment glacier-debris flow using a three-dimensional analytical model. Our demonstration of a standing-start hypothesis in the 2002 Kolka Glacier detachment has substantial implications for glacier hazard assessment and risk management strategies in valleys downstream from unstable debris-covered glaciers in the mountain regions of the world.  相似文献   

赤道电离层R-T不稳定性发展的控制因素分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

罗伟华  徐继生  徐良 《地球物理学报》2009,52(4):849-858

本文从质量和电荷守恒方程出发,分析了控制电离层等离子体R-T不稳定性线性增长的各种因素,重点研究了热层风和背景电场的空间梯度对R-T不稳定性线性增长的影响.结果表明,热层风场和背景电场两者的空间梯度对R-T不稳定性线性增长有不可忽视的促进或抑制作用;对R-T不稳定性线性增长起促进作用还是起抑制作用,依赖热层风场和背景电场及其空间梯度的方向;对R-T不稳定性线性增长影响的显著程度主要依赖于热层风场和背景电场两者空间梯度的大小.数值计算结果表明,对典型的背景电离层条件,磁力线顶点高度为330 km时,对线性增长率的影响最高达到120%.  相似文献   

利用GS流场重构方法研究磁尾等离子体片涡流   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

田安民  宗秋刚 《地球物理学报》2009,52(7):1675-1684

2000年9月30日Geotail卫星分别于17∶54∶36~18∶09∶00UT和18∶59∶00~19∶30∶00UT在磁尾晨侧等离子体片内(n≈0.4 cm^-3,T≈6 keV)观测到等离子体涡流事件.本文采用Grad-Shafranov (GS)流场重构技术再现了这些涡流的二维速度场、离子数密度和离子温度的分布图像.结果显示:从地心太阳磁层坐标系(GSM)赤道面上面看, 涡流的尺度约为5000 km×1400 km , 朝地球的运动速度约为15~25 km/s.所有5个涡流的旋转方向都为顺时针方向,旋转周期约为6~11 min.相邻涡流的相互作用导致它们之间的磁场强度增强.考察观测数据发现,涡流内不仅包含等离子体片热等离子体成分,也包含较大通量的类似源自磁鞘的冷等离子体成分(T<1 keV).这与观测到涡流等离子体的平均温度(T≈4 keV)较磁尾等离子体片等离子体的典型温度(T≈6 keV)明显偏低的事实是一致的.不仅如此,离子数密度和温度在结构内的分布也不均匀,数密度在涡流内部偏离中心的位置比较低而在每个涡流的边缘位置比较高,温度的分布大体上与密度相反.分析认为观测到的磁尾等离子体涡流事件可能由发生在低纬边界层的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性引起,涡流结构内的冷等离子体可能来自磁层顶外部的磁鞘.  相似文献   

Understanding the collapse–eruption link at Stromboli,Italy: A microanalytical study on the products of the recent Secche di Lazzaro phreatomagmatic activity     

Chiara M. Petrone  Eleonora Braschi  Lorella Francalanci 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009

The Secche di Lazzaro (SDL) phreatomagmatic activity, with the associated Neostromboli sector collapse, represents the most powerful activity of the last 6 ky at Stromboli. As revealed by its present-day activity, Stromboli is one of the most eruptive volcanoes in Italy, and flank instability, along its NW flank, is a common process. Volcano instability is often dramatised by explosive eruptions, thus it is of crucial importance to understand the linking between volcano collapse and the plumbing system itself. The possible role of pre-eruptive magmatic processes as triggers of explosive eruptions can be mainly preserved by minerals and revealed by petrochemical studies. We studied the juvenile components (scoria and pumice) of the pyroclastic deposits from the SDL phreatomagmatic activity with the aim to understand the eruption–collapse link.  相似文献   

层状孔隙介质震电波场数值模拟高频不稳定性问题的解析处理方法   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

任恒鑫  黄清华  陈晓非 《地球物理学报》2010,53(3):506-511

自从发现震电现象以来,众多学者进行了相关研究.其中,Pride提出了一套描述流体饱和孔隙介质中震电波场的耦合与传播的宏观控制方程组,该方程组后来被广泛地应用到相关的震电研究中.Chen发展了一套广义反透射系数方法并将其应用到层状介质合成地震图的研究当中,该方法数值计算效率高并且可以处理带弯曲界面层状介质这种复杂模型.基于Pride的震电波场控制方程组,我们将Chen的广义反透射系数方法推广应用到层状孔隙介质中震电波场的数值模拟研究中,但是在数值计算过程中发现,当含源层的厚度相对于地震波波长较大时（即高频情况）,会出现数值计算的不稳定,此即为高频不稳定性问题.针对高频不稳定性问题,一种自然的处理方法就是在原来的含源层中插入两个虚拟界面,构造出一个新的含源薄层,但是这会带来一些额外的计算量,此外,由于虚拟含源薄层的厚度是有限的,必须针对具体模型参数设定一个合适的厚度值.高频不稳定性问题同样存在于层状介质合成地震图的数值计算过程中,Chen提出了一种解析的处理方法,即在原含源层内引入一无限薄的虚拟含源薄层,通过解析的方法解决高频不稳定性问题,该方法不会降低计算效率且适用于任意参数模型.本文首先对层状孔隙介质中的震电波场数值计算公式进行分析,指出源项积分中的指数增长因子是导致高频不稳定性问题的根本原因;其次将Chen在合成地震图数值模拟研究中采用的解析处理方法推广到震电波场研究中,得到了适用于数值计算的公式;然后给出数值算例,并针对一个含源层过厚的模型,比较了自然处理方法和解析处理方法,两种方法得到的结果具有相当好的一致性,而解析处理方法计算效率更高,证实了本文给出的解析处理方法在解决层状孔隙介质震电波场数值模拟的高频不稳定性问题方面的有效性.  相似文献   

A Simple Model for Earthquake Instability     

Li Ping’en  Yin Youquan 《中国地震研究》2010,24(2):179-189

Based on the heterogeneity of fault plane strength,the macro rupture process of a fault plane can be treated as the rupture accumulation process of local micro-elements in the fault surface.Assuming that the strength of the local micro-elements follows the Weibull probability distribution,the macro-fault constitutive relationship of the complete load-deformation process is derived from a statistical mechanics viewpoint.Applying a one-dimensional earthquake mechanics model and using far-field displacement a as the control variable,the problem of earthquake instability is investigated by employing the stability theory.The results show that the system stiffness ratio(stiffness ratio of fault to surroun-ding rock) β is the important parameter that affects the occurrence of earthquakes.Earthquake instability occurs only when β < 1,and the sudden stress jump appears at the displacement turning point of the equilibrium path curve.The expression of three important parameters for earthquakes(fault half-dislocation distance after earthquake,earthquake stress drop and elastic energy release) is also given.When β≥1,the earthquake does not occur and the fault only slips slowly without an earthquake.  相似文献   

隧道变形失稳过程的非线性动力学分析与破坏判据研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘镇  周翠英  房明 《岩土力学》2010,31(12):3887-3893

隧道变形失稳过程与破坏判据研究是地下工程的热点与难点之一。运用协同学与混沌动力学,分析了隧道变形失稳过程的非线性动力学演化特征,并将其划分为平衡、非平衡线性、非平衡非线性等3个演化阶段;从系统分析的角度,研究了整个隧道系统的涨落关联机制,建立了隧道变形失稳的动力学演化模型。在此基础上,分别给出了大数据量（≥3 000）与小数据量（ 3 000）条件下稳定性演化过程的动力学判别准则。结合隧道变形失稳的阶段性特征,建立了其破坏的混沌动力学判据。将以上研究应用于广州地铁某立体交叉隧道的稳定性分析中,验证了该动力学演化模型与判据的合理可靠性,对隧道稳定性状态的判别具有一定指导意义。  相似文献   

云阳龙洞抗滑桩加固边坡局部失稳机制研究     

李荣建  郑文  邵生俊  刘凯 《岩土力学》2010,31(Z2):322-327

通过开展未加固边坡、初步加固设计、变更加固设计、推荐加固等条件下边坡及加固稳定性的研究对比,探讨了三峡库区云阳龙洞抗滑桩加固边坡的失稳机制。研究结果表明,龙洞滑坡抗滑治理失效有2个主要原因：（1）非饱和土边坡基质吸力的丧失和重度的增大使得边坡安全系数大大降低;（2）加固设计没有针对该边坡上部和下部存在的两个都会导致局部失稳的滑动面进行有效地加固。同时研究表明,文中推荐的加固方案能够较好地控制两个局部滑动面,使得边坡整体和局部均处于稳定状态,可取得良好的加固效果。  相似文献   

Ince-Strutt Stability Charts for Ship Parametric Roll Resonance in Irregular Waves     

ZHANG Xiao  YANG He-zhen  XIAO Fei  XU Pei-ji 《海洋工程》2017,31(4):447-457

Ince-Strutt stability chart of ship parametric roll resonance in irregular waves is conducted and utilized for the exploration of the parametric roll resonance in irregular waves. Ship parametric roll resonance will lead to large amplitude roll motion and even wreck. Firstly, the equation describing the parametric roll resonance in irregular waves is derived according to Grim’s effective theory and the corresponding Ince-Strutt stability charts are obtained. Secondly, the differences of stability charts for the parametric roll resonance in irregular and regular waves are compared. Thirdly, wave phases and peak periods are taken into consideration to obtain a more realistic sea condition. The influence of random wave phases should be taken into consideration when the analyzed points are located near the instability boundary. Stability charts for different wave peak periods are various. Stability charts are helpful for the parameter determination in design stage to better adapt to sailing condition. Last, ship variables are analyzed according to stability charts by a statistical approach. The increase of the metacentric height will help improve ship stability.  相似文献   

Frost weathering and rockwall erosion in the southeastern Swiss Alps: Long-term (1994–2006) observations   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Norikazu Matsuoka   《Geomorphology》2008,99(1-4):353-368

Rates and processes of frost weathering in the Alps were investigated by visual observations of intensively shattered rocks, continuous monitoring of frost wedging and rock temperatures in bedrock and measurements of rockfall activity. Rapid frost weathering of hard-intact rocks occurs along lakes and streams where seasonal freezing promotes ice segregation in the rock. Otherwise, rocks require pre-existing weakness or a long exposure period for intensively shattered. Automated monitoring shows that crack opening occurs at three scales, including small opening accompanying short-term frost cycles, slightly larger movements during seasonal freezing and occasional large opening originating from refreezing of snow-melt water during seasonal thawing. The opening events require at least partial water saturation in the crack. The repetition of crack opening (frost wedging) results in permanent opening and finally debris dislocation. Debris collections below fractured rockwalls show that pebble falls occur at an average rate of about 0.1 mm a^− 1 with significant spatial and inter-annual variations. Occasional large boulder falls significantly raise the rockwall erosion rates, controlled by such factors as the joint distribution in the bedrock, repetition of annual freeze–thaw cycles and extraordinary summer thaw.  相似文献