Combining price and quantity instruments: insights from South Africa     

Emily Tyler  Brent Cloete 《Climate Policy》2013,13(3):374-387

A carbon tax will form the central carbon pricing instrument in South Africa. The country, however, is also in the process of setting specific short-term emissions limits at a subnational level. Additional mitigation policy instruments will thus be required to meet these targets. Although it is possible to combine sector-level quantity targets with a broad-based carbon tax, this article finds that this greatly complicates mitigation policy design, increasing both the information requirements and the likelihood of unintended consequences. The trade-offs between economic efficiency (optimized by the use of a broad-based price set by a carbon tax) and environmental effectiveness (optimized by using instruments that ensure emissions reduction targets are met) are ever present. A clear understanding of subnational quantity targets and an appreciation of the characteristics of the instruments to achieve such targets (quantity-based instruments, QBIs), the framework through which the instruments are combined, and their possible interactions, are required for effective policy making. Three possible frameworks for combining instruments are identified in the article, and some specific implications of interaction between particular QBIs and a carbon tax are suggested.

Policy relevance

This article explores the interaction of a carbon tax with mitigation policy instruments to meet subnational emissions targets in the South African context (where both a carbon tax and subnational emissions targets are currently being developed). As international negotiations progress towards countries accepting binding GHG emissions restrictions, quantity-based mitigation policy approaches become more important. In countries where a broad-based emissions trading scheme (ETS) is not feasible in the short to medium term, combining a broad-based carbon tax with subnational emission targets provides an alternative mechanism for achieving the economic efficiency and emissions certainty benefits derived from an ETS. This paper considers the mechanisms through which such a combination of instruments can be achieved. Three possible frameworks for combining instruments are identified, some specific implications of interaction between particular QBIs and a carbon tax are suggested, and guidelines and concept tools are presented to assist policy-makers in designing efficient and coherent mitigation policy.  相似文献   

莱芜市土地开发整理成效与问题初探     

李钊 《山东地质》2011,(8):55-57,60

通过实施土地开发整理,从根本上改善了农村生态环境,不仅增加了农村耕地面积,促进了农业生产水平的提高和农民增产增收,更有力地促进了农村经济发展。农业生产条件的改善,使生产成本得到有效降低,规模效益普遍提高,壮大了村集体经济实力,加快了社会主义新农村建设步伐。但工作中仍存在领导重视不够、工程质量不够高、后期管护不到位等问题,今后应进一步强化领导、规范运作、跟踪管理,以保证开发整理成效。  相似文献   

莱芜市土地开发整理成效与问题初探          下载免费PDF全文

李钊 《山东国土资源》2011,27(8):55-57,60

通过实施土地开发整理,从根本上改善了农村生态环境,不仅增加了农村耕地面积,促进了农业生产水平的提高和农民增产增收,更有力地促进了农村经济发展。农业生产条件的改善,使生产成本得到有效降低,规模效益普遍提高,壮大了村集体经济实力,加快了社会主义新农村建设步伐。但工作中仍存在领导重视不够、工程质量不够高、后期管护不到位等问题,今后应进一步强化领导、规范运作、跟踪管理,以保证开发整理成效。  相似文献   

关于做好前兆台站(网)运行管理工作的几点思考     

姚会琴  曹开  张明东  胡嵩 《华南地震》2011,31(4):116-122

中国地震局在台站(网)运行、产出与管理等方面制定并实施了一系列规章制度、技术标准与规范,地震监测工作的规范化、制度化明显加强.天津市地震局制定了一系列地震安全保障措施,确保台站(网)各项工作有序开展;技术人员自主研发了短消息管理中心、日常综合管理平台和台站综合评比平台等多套系统软件,贯穿了运行管理工作的各个环节,发挥了...  相似文献   

基于数据包络分析法的陕西气象资源效率评估     

罗慧  赵奎峰  巩在武  冯丽  姚东升  王百朋  张朝临 《气象》2011,37(11):1438-1442

将数据包络分析法（DEA）应用于陕西气象资源效率评估,计算全省气象行业2007—2009年运行的综合效率值、技术效率值和规模效率值,得出综合效率和规模效率有所下降,而技术效率有所提升。其中,2009年技术效率均值为3年来最高,而2007年技术效率值为3年来最低。构造基于面板数据的气象计量经济模型对各影响效率的因素进行计量分析,气象服务用户群及公众满意度指数、农业产出GDP值占区域GDP总值的比重和资金投入强度与气象部门产出的综合效率值呈正向关系,学术论文发表数量与综合效率值呈反向关系。据此提出提升资源效率有效性的对策。  相似文献   

Understanding Effectiveness in its Broader Context: Assessing Case Study Methodologies for Evaluating Collaborative Conservation Governance     

Sarah Clement  Angela Guerrero Gonzalez  Carina Wyborn 《社会与自然资源》2020,33(4):462-483

Abstract

Collaborative forms of governance are increasingly favored in conservation and potentially offer a range of practical and outcome-based benefits. However, tools for critically assessing whether and how collaboration enhances the attainment of conservation objectives are lagging behind the enthusiasm. We use a framework that considers effectiveness in relation to capacity of key actors and institutions to achieve outcomes and respond to emergent problems, robustness over time (i.e. adapting to changes while still achieving objectives), context-specific drivers of change, and the structure of networks and institutions to assess common approaches for evaluating effectiveness. Network analysis performs well in terms of structure, while action research and the diagnostic method offer deep insights into capacity and context. Scenario planning performs well in understanding robustness and context but performs better when combined with a diagnostic. The evaluation reveals important insights for approaching and standardizing investigations of collaborative governance regimes and their effectiveness.  相似文献   

Spatio-temporal analysis of the human footprint in the Hengduan Mountain region: Assessing the effectiveness of nature reserves in reducing human impacts     

Yin  Le  Dai  Erfu  Zheng  Du  Wang  Yahui  Ma  Liang  Tong  Miao 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(7):1140-1154

Mapping the human footprint(HF) makes it possible to quantify human influence, which has had an unprecedented impact on the global ecosystem. Using five categories of human pressure data, this study mapped the HF of the Hengduan Mountain region and assessed the effectiveness of nature reserves in reducing human impacts. The results showed that the HF of the Hengduan Mountain region was generally higher in the south and lower in the north. The HF increased by 11.24% over the past 25 years, with faster growth in the southeast. The HF growth rate in nature reserves was much lower than that across the region, which indicated that nature reserves played an important role in reducing the impact of human pressure. A study of Baimaxueshan nature reserve found that establishing nature reserves could effectively reduce the impact of human activities, and no "leakage" occurred. Population growth was an important reason for the increased HF in nature reserves. The development of ecotourism in nature reserves must be based on ecological protection. Strengthening the long-term monitoring, evaluation, and management of nature reserves is a basic requirement for their long-term development.  相似文献   

Are marine reserves and non-consumptive activities compatible? A global analysis of marine reserve regulations     

Ruth H. Thurstan  Julie P. Hawkins  Luiza Neves  Callum M. Roberts 《Marine Policy》2012

Marine reserves are places where wildlife and habitats are protected from extractive and depositional uses of the sea. Although considered to be the pinnacle in marine conservation, many permit non-consumptive activities with little or no regulation. This paper examines the potential impacts of 16 non-consumptive activities including scuba diving, sailing, scientific research and motor boating, and how they might compromise the conservation objectives of marine reserves. Examination of 91 marine reserves from 36 countries found little agreement or consistency in what non-consumptive activities are permitted in marine reserves and how they are regulated. The two most common activities allowed without regulation were swimming (mentioned in 80% of marine reserves and allowed in 63% of these) and kayaking (mentioned in 85%, allowed in 53%). Scuba diving was mentioned in 91% and allowed without regulation in 41%. A risk score for the likely level of threat to wildlife and/or habitats that each activity could produce was then assigned based on effects reported in the literature. The risk analysis suggests that motor boating and activities which include or require it have a high potential to negatively impact wildlife and habitats if inadequately managed. Hence protection against extractive or depositional activities alone is insufficient to secure the high standard of protection usually assumed in marine reserves. For this to be achieved activities typically considered as benign must receive appropriate management, especially with increasing recreational use.  相似文献   

万塘滑坡治理效果预测评价     

雍睿  朱志明  邹宗兴  倪卫达  徐伟 《煤田地质与勘探》2012,40(1):55-59,63

万塘滑坡是湖北省秭归县香溪河右岸受库水位变动影响的土质滑坡,拟采用抗滑桩进行治理,迫切需要对治理效果进行预测评价。以万塘滑坡地质结构特征、形成机制为基础,采用极限平衡法、FLAC3D显式有限差分法、ABAQUS有限元法相结合,分别从滑坡治理前后稳定性系数变化、剩余推力大小、应力应变分布特征、塑性区变化、抗滑桩桩身结构受力条件5个方面对滑坡治理效果进行评价。研究结果显示,滑坡经治理后不但局部稳定性得到改善,整体稳定性也能满足规范要求。计算结果不但为自然条件下滑坡稳定性分析提供了参考,还为滑坡治理工程效果评价提供了依据,并对施工后布置监测工作有指导意义。   相似文献   

1982-2009 年珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区植被指数变化   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

聂勇  刘林山  张镱锂  丁明军 《地理科学进展》2012,31(7):895-903

植被指数是指示植被变化的重要指标, 本研究基于1982-2009 年珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区(简称珠峰地区)植被指数(NDVI)时间序列数据、土地覆被和野外调查等数据, 采用时序变化趋势和空间分析法, 对珠穆朗玛峰地区植被的时空变化过程及保护区成效进行了定量分析。研究表明:①珠峰地区NDVI分布的总特征是南部和北部高, 中部低。②1982-2009 年珠峰地区NDVI年际变化趋势和空间异质性十分明显:1982-1997 年, 珠峰地区NDVI总体上呈显著上升趋势, 北部地区增幅较大;1998-2009 年, NDVI总体下降(56.96%的NDVI呈下降趋势), 其中, 珠峰地区中部和北部的NDVI下降最为明显, 而南部核心保护区森林和灌丛的NDVI则呈显著上升趋势, 且变化幅度较大。③长时间序列植被指数变化的过程和空间差异性推断:1998 年以来, 天然林保护等生态工程促使珠峰地区保护效果更加明显。  相似文献