基于土地供需关系对北京城市拓展中土地资源约束条件的初步分析(英文)     

樊杰  张有坤 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2012,(3):253-261

土地资源作为重要的自然环境载体,对城市发展既起到了支撑作用,同时也会制约城市的盲目扩张。本文以北京市为例,从供给与需求两方面,总结了北京城市发展的土地资源约束特征,初步测算了其城市空间的上限规模。一方面,分析了产业用地和生活居住用地等土地资源需求主导因素的特征和变化趋势,基于不同的土地利用效率情景,初步测算得出北京城市发展对土地资源的需求规模区间为[1596 km2,2846 km2]。另一方面通过分析北京地区农业空间、生态空间及其他用地空间的占用、消耗特征,测算得出不同情景下土地资源对北京城市发展的供给规模区间为[1673 km2,2821 km2]。可以看出,当前北京城市发展的土地需求明显大于供给。同时指出了未来北京城市拓展受到土地资源供给的总量约束、空间约束及城市功能定位决定的用地结构性约束等限制。最后尝试提出解决当前城市发展面临的资源环境瓶颈和城市病等问题的思路。  相似文献   

Land Use Changes in Himalaya and Their Impacts on Environment, Society and Economy： A Study of the Lake Region in Kumaon Himalaya India   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Prakash TIWARI 《大气科学进展》2008,25(6):1029-1042

The traditional resource use structure in Himalaya has transformed considerably during the recent past, mainly owing to the growth of population and the resultant increased demand of natural resources in the region. This transformation in resource use practices is particularly significant in the densely populated tracts of Himalaya. As a result, cultivated land, forests, pastures and rangelands have been deteriorated and depleted steadily and significantly leading to their conversion into degraded and non-productive lands. These rapid land use changes have not only disrupted the fragile ecological equilibrium in the mountains through indiscriminate deforestation, degradation of land resources and disruption of the hydrological cycle, but also have significant and irreversible adverse impacts on the rural economy, society, livelihood and life quality of mountain communities. It has been observed that the agricultural production has declined, water sources are drying up fast due to decreased ground water recharge and a large number of villages are facing enormous deficit of critical resources, such as food, fodder, firewood and water, mainly due to unabated deforestation. As a result, the rural people, particularly the women, have to travel considerably long distances to collect fodder and firewood and to fetching water. It is therefore highly imperative to evolve a comprehensive and integrated land use framework for the conservation of the biophysical environment and sustainable development of natural resources in Himalaya. The land use policy would help local communities in making use of their natural resources scientifically and judiciously, and thus help in the conservation of the biophysical environment and in the increasing of the productivity of natural resources. The study indicates that conservation of forests and other critical natural resources through community participation, generation of alternative means of livelihood, and employment in rural areas can help increase rural income as well as restore ec  相似文献   

风能模拟系统WEST在中国风能数值模拟中的应用   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5  

张德  朱蓉  罗勇  俞卫  王澄海 《高原气象》2008,27(1):202-207

利用加拿大风能资源数值模拟系统(WEST)进行中国风能资源的模拟,得到了水平分辨率5km、低空垂直分辨率10 m的中国风能分布图谱。将模拟结果与气象台站观测资料进行了对比分析,结果表明,WEST在中国中东部海拔较低地区的模拟能力较好,平均相对误差<20%,但对于中国西部高原的模拟结果不理想,相对误差达到了60%以上,说明WEST系统对中国西部高原的模拟能力还需提高。应从其大尺度气候背景场分类和中尺度模型大气边界层物理过程参数化方面进行本地化改进,使之能更好地应用于中国风能资源评估工作。  相似文献   

气候变化和人类活动对石羊河流域水资影响评价   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

黄玉霞  王宝鉴  张强  王劲松  杨选雄 《高原气象》2008,27(4)

石羊河流域的年平均气温(最高、最低气温)自1951年以来总体呈上升趋势,增温速率为0.22℃/10a,增幅达1.2℃。1992年是年平均气温显著变暖的年份,与显著变暖前相比,年平均气温上升了0.85℃,低于近51年1.1℃的增幅水平。在近55年中,石羊河流域的年降水总体上在增加,出山口径流量在减少,流域尾闾民勤绿洲的地下水位在快速下降。气温显著变暖后,年降水量增加了约18.2 mm,增幅达5.8%,出山口径流量减少了4.1×108m3,民勤绿洲的地下水位下降了1倍~2倍。水资源变化的成因分析表明,出山口径流量的减少源自径流补充之一的上游山区降水的减少,而红崖山水库入库径流量的持续快速减少则是民勤地下水位快速下降的主要原因之一。受气候变化的影响,石羊河流域出山口径流量峰期有所提前,而人类活动严重地影响了石羊河流域中游地表径流利用量和下游可利用量分配比例。  相似文献   

河北省水资源状况的降水条件分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

高霞  尤凤春  许耀辉 《干旱气象》2008,26(1):47-51

雨水是水资源的主要来源,也是影响水资源周期性变化的主要因素之一。水资源和气候降水有较强的正相关关系。选取河北省区域较均匀分布的39个代表站、45 a的月降水资料,对降水特征分区域做了初步分析。发现河北省近45 a降水具有总体减少的特性,期间发生过2次突然变干的过程,平原降水减少速率要远远高于山地。这种情况形成了河北省水资源的补给量不足,加剧了水资源紧张的状况,必须采取有效的措施高效利用水资源。  相似文献   

新疆太阳辐射特征及其太阳能资源状况   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

刘佳  何清  刘蕊  陈向军 《干旱气象》2008,26(4):61-66

对新疆地区太阳能资源分布和利用现状进行了较为详细地调查和分析,结合新疆地区太阳能资源开发利用存在的主要问题提出了太阳能开发利用的若干适宜途径和符合区情的太阳能资源开发利用的对策及建议。  相似文献   

2050年前长江流域地表水资源变化趋势   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘波  姜彤  任国玉  Klaus Fraedrich 《气候变化研究进展》2008,4(3):145-150

 利用ECHAM5/MPI-OM气候模式预估2001-2050年长江流域不同排放情景（SRES-A2,A1B,B1）下径流深的变化,分析了长江流域地表水资源量的时空变化特征。结果表明：3种排放情景下长江流域多年平均地表水资源量相差不大,但不同排放情景下年际变化特征较为复杂,且变化趋势有所不同。其中,A2高排放情景下地表水资源量呈缓慢减小的趋势,A1B中等排放情景下变化趋势不明显,B1低排放情景下呈相对最为显著的增加趋势。地表水资源量年代际变化波动幅度也较大,2001-2030年3种情景下地表水资源量总体呈现下降特征,但从2030年起,则均表现出不同程度的增加,最高增幅达7.47%,其中尤以夏季和冬季增加显著。模式预估长江流域未来水资源量仍保持目前水平,水资源空间分布不均匀特征仍较为突出。  相似文献   

气候变化对密云水库水资源的影响及其适应性管理对策   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

夏军  李璐  严茂超  褚健婷 《气候变化研究进展》2008,4(6):319-323

 密云水库近30 a入库水资源量日益减少,严重影响城市供水和可持续发展,其中气候变化对水资源的影响成为最受关注的问题之一。以海河流域密云水库的水资源供应为例,研究了气候变化对入库水资源的影响。结果表明：除SRES A2情景下在2025年入库流量减少外,其他情景均表现为入库流量增加。对入库流量增加的情景,采用"零调整方案",即不采取调整措施是可以的,但由于未来北京水资源压力较大,有必要采取一些综合对策。通过多目标条件分析,为解决北京的饮用水供应问题,建议采用开源（跨河流调水）、节流（水田改旱地）及污水治理三管齐下的方案。  相似文献   

山东一次春季暴雨过程的水汽收支和降水转化数值分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

龚佃利  王庆  刘诗军 《气候与环境研究》2006,11(1):109-118

利用中尺度数值模式(MM5 v3.5)对2003年4月17~18日山东春季大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟。在较为准确的模拟基础上,分析了该暴雨过程的形势演变和水汽条件,计算了暴雨发生过程中山东省范围水汽输送、水汽收支和空中各相态水物质的量值大小及其转化关系。初步揭示了具体降水天气系统中的水循环过程和云水资源转化特征。  相似文献   

The role of social networks in natural resource governance: What relational patterns make a difference?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

rjan Bodin  Beatrice I. Crona 《Global Environmental Change》2009,19(3):366-374

Resent research has identified the existence of social networks as a common and important denominator in cases where different stakeholders have come together to effectively deal with natural resource problems and dilemmas. It has even been shown that social networks can be more important than the existence of formal institutions for effective enforcement and compliance with environmental regulations. However, all social networks are not created equal. On the contrary, the structural pattern of relations (i.e. the topology) of a social network can have significant impact on how actors actually behave. This clearly has implications for actors’ abilities to manage environmental challenges. This review aims to add more precision to initial insights and pending hypotheses about the positive impacts of social networks on governance processes and outcomes, by reviewing and synthesizing empirically based literature explicitly studying structural characteristics of social networks in natural resource governance settings. It is shown that significant differences in governance processes and outcomes can be expected among networks experiencing structural differences in terms of density of relations, degree of cohesiveness, subgroup interconnectivity, and degree of network centralization. Furthermore, the review shows that none of these structural characteristics present a monotonically increasing positive effect on processes of importance for resource governance, and that favoring one characteristic likely occurs at the expense of another. Thus, assessing the most favorable level and mix of different network characteristics, where most of the positive governance effects are obtained while undesired effects are minimized, presents a key research and governance challenge.  相似文献