Geomorphology of desert sand dunes: A review of recent progress   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ian Livingstone  Giles F.S. Wiggs  Corinne M. Weaver 《Earth》2007,80(3-4):239-257

Through the 1980s and 1990s studies of the geomorphology of desert sand dunes were dominated by field studies of wind flow and sand flow over individual dunes. Alongside these there were some attempts numerically to model dune development as well as some wind tunnel studies that investigated wind flow over dunes. As developments with equipment allowed, field measurements became more sophisticated. However, by the mid-1990s it was clear that even these more complex measurements were still unable to explain the mechanisms by which sand is entrained and transported. Most importantly, the attempt to measure the stresses imposed by the wind on the sand surface proved impossible, and the use of shear (or friction) velocity as a surrogate for shear stress also failed to deliver. At the same time it has become apparent that turbulent structures in the flow may be as or more important in explaining sand flux. In a development paralleled in fluvial geomorphology, aeolian geomorphologists have attempted to measure and model turbulent structures over dunes. Progress has recently been made through the use of more complex numerical models based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Some of the modelling work has also suggested that notions of dune ‘equilibrium’ form may not be particularly helpful. This range of recent developments has not meant that field studies are now redundant. For linear dunes careful observations of individual dunes have provided important data about how the dunes develop but in this particular field some progress has been made through ground-penetrating radar images of the internal structure of the dunes.

The paradigm for studies of desert dune geomorphology for several decades has been that good quality empirical data about wind flow and sand flux will enable us to understand how dunes are created and maintain their form. At least some of the difficulty in the past arose from the plethora of undirected data generated by largely inductive field studies. More recently, attention has shifted–although not completely–to modelling approaches, and very considerable progress has been made in developing models of dune development. It is clear, however, that the models will continue to require accurate field observations in order for us to be able to develop a clear understanding of desert sand dune geomorphology.  相似文献   

A power function model for the basic geometry of solution dolines: considerations from the classical karst of south‐central Slovenia     

France &#x;u&#x;ter&#x;i 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(3):293-302

Solution doline geometry is generally too complex to be expressed in terms of a few parameters. A methodology previously designed by the author, based on acquisition of specific field data and subsequent processing by various Fourier techniques, enabled doline geometry to be considered in its entirety. This paper sets out to investigate which simple rotational body (rotated power function) best fits the geometry of 38 dolines studied within the Classical Karst of Slovenia. It transpires that doline radius to depth ratio changes as a function of volume, whereas the mode of change remains stable regardless of the actual dimensions of individual dolines, and is basically the same at different locations. Doline volumes are very close of those of regular cones of the same dimensions, growing relatively deeper as the volume increases. Two poly‐segment models implied by the power function model and based on earlier work are discussed. It transpires that the studied dolines may be relict forms superimposed upon pre‐existing hidden shafts formed by epikarstic water. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

中国构造地貌学的回顾与展望   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

史兴民  杜忠潮 《地震工程学报》2006,28(3):280-284

构造地貌学已经从经验科学迅速发展为高技术武装的现代科学。本文在分析相关文献的基础上,论述了构造地貌学的特点、研究内容、研究方法,回顾了在中国的研究进展,最后提出了构造地貌学今后的研究动向。  相似文献   

The Beni-Ourtilane-Tachaouaft fault and Seismotectonic aspects of the Babors region (NE of Algeria)     

Youcef Bouhadad  Ali Nour  Nacer Laouami  Djelloul Belhai 《Journal of Seismology》2003,7(1):79-88

A shallow moderate (M _s=5.7) but damaging earthquake shook theregion of Beni-Ourtilane located about 50 km NW of Setif and 390 kmNE of Algiers (Central Eastern Algeria). The main shock caused the deathof 2 peoples, injured 50 and caused sustainable damage to about 3000housing units. The main shock was preceded by 2 foreshocks and followedby many aftershocks which lasted for many days. Analysis of historicalseismicity including the localisation of epicenters, the trend of isoseismalmaps of some historical events, the localisation of the November 10, 2000main shock (M _s=5.7) and the November 16, 2000 aftershock(M _s=4.5) as well as the shape of the area of maximum intensity ofthe November 10, 2000 earthquake suggest that the Tachaouaft fault of20 km of length is the activated geological structure. Although, there isno clear surface breaks associated with this earthquake, the localisation ofgeological disorders, such as ground fissures, during the Beni-Ourtilaneearthquake, which are remarkably located near the fault, may have atectonic meaning. Geomorphological analysis through Digital ElevationModels (DEMs) allowed us to identify a clear fault scarp related likely tostrong earthquakes occurred in the past. Among geomorphologicalevidences of this active fault there are the uplift and tilt of alluvial terraceson the hanging wall and the diversion of the drainage pattern. Based onthe quality of constructions and field observations an intensity I ₀ = VII (MSK scale) is attributed to the epicentral area,which is striking NE-SW in agreement with the focal mechanism solutionand the seismotectonic observations. In the other hand the amount ofdamage is due rather to the bad quality of constructions than to theseverity of ground motion. The Tachaouaft fault with the Kherrata fault isthe main source of seismic hazard in the Babors region.  相似文献   

Ecology of a high Andean stream, Rio Itambi, Otavalo, Ecuador     

Patricia Carrera Burneo  Günter Gunkel 《Limnologica》2003,33(1):29-43

A high Andean stream in the equatorial zone of Ecuador, the Rio Itambi, located at 2,600 to 4,600 m a.s.l., was studied to describe its physical structure, geomorphology, water chemistry and biodiversity.The Itambi catchment basin is characterized in its upper part by the volcanic sierra with >70% slope, and in its lower part by lake deposits. The length of Rio Itambi is 17 km with a catchment basin of 11,271 ha; the annual flow amounts to 0.07-0.5 m³/s. Stream structure is evaluated using a modification of the German “Geomorphological Structure Classification Method” with six main parameters (development of stream bed, longitudinal profile, transversal profile, bed structure, stream bank structure, and surrounding environment). Nowadays an impact of Rio Itambi's stream structure occurs due to anthropogenic activities. The water quality of Rio Itambi is presented on the basis of a monthly monitoring, and a comparison of rainy and dry season is given. An impact on quality is caused by human activities (sewage input, cattle raising), by landslides with a remodelling of the stream bed and by a low oxygen concentration due to altitude.Flora of stream banks as well as diatoms, macrophytes and fauna of stream bed were determined, and within the stream, biodiversity is low. In the upper part of the stream, this seems to be an effect of low oxygen saturation values and of landslide that remodel the stream bed, and in the lower part of the stream it is due to anthropogenic damage by sewage input.  相似文献   

Morphometric analysis and tectonic interpretation of digital terrain data: a case study     

Gyozo Jordan 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(8):807-822

Tectonic movement along faults is often re?ected by characteristic geomorphological features such as linear valleys, ridgelines and slope‐breaks, steep slopes of uniform aspect, regional anisotropy and tilt of terrain. Analysis of digital elevation models, by means of numerical geomorphology, provides a means of recognizing fractures and characterizing the tectonics of an area in a quantitative way. The objective of this study is to investigate the use of numerical geomorphometric methods for tectonic geomorphology through a case study. The methodology is based on general geomorphometry. In this study, the basic geometric attributes (elevation, slope, aspect and curvatures) are complemented with the automatic extraction of ridge and valley lines and surface speci?c points. Evans' univariate and bivariate methodology of general geomorphometry is extended with texture (spatial) analysis methods, such as trend, autocorrelation, spectral, and network analysis. Terrain modelling is implemented with the integrated use of: (1) numerical differential geometry; (2) digital drainage network analysis; (3) digital image processing; and (4) statistical and geostatistical analysis. Application of digital drainage network analysis is emphasized. A simple shear model with principal displacement zone with an NE–SW orientation can account for most of the the morphotectonic features found in the basin by geological and digital tectonic geomorphology analyses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

晚新生代全球构造地貌与环境变化研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

卢苗安  马宗晋 《地学前缘》2003,10(Z1):45-50

介绍了晚新生代全球构造地貌与环境变化研究中的一些重要进展 ,这主要集中在大陆的构造隆升、板内造山带与大陆穹隆的形成、全球海平面变化、边缘海的“窗口”作用、水道的开启与关闭等方面。上述研究进展表明 ,地球各圈层的相互作用是塑造现今地球构造地貌格局和驱动全球环境变化的重要因素。从地球的整体行为出发 ,研究长时间尺度 (Ma)岩石圈结构变异与全球环境变化间的耦合反馈关系 ,是今后工作值得注意的一个方向。  相似文献   

An evolutionary model for sabkha development on the north coast of the UAE   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. Al-Farraj   《Journal of Arid Environments》2005,63(4):740-755

The north coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) provides a typical example of coastal sabkha (supratidal flat) formation. Various stages of sabkha development can be recognized along this coast. This paper combines previous studies of sabkha environment with the results of field investigation of sabkha geomorphology, sedimentology, and stratigraphy on the north coast of UAE, to formulate a model of sabkha evolution.The model has six stages in the evolution of coastal sabkhas following the early Holocene sea-level rise. These are: Stage 1: sea-level rise results in the formation of an embayment. Stage 2: involves subsequent spit development and progradation across the bay as a result of sediment availability. Stage 3: coincident with spit evolution is the development of a khor (tidal inlet) with or without mangrove. Channel depth of Khors varies from 4 to 6 m. Stage 4: sediment accumulates in the khor reducing the khor depth, turning it into a lagoon. There are three sub-stages of the lagoon stage. (a) With lagoon depths of 1–2 m, (b) with lagoon depths 0.5 m or less, (c) when the lagoon floor is exposed at low tide. Stage 5: is sabkha formation; development occurs in two sub-stages. In the first the sabkha is immature and flooded during rain storms and spring tides (0.1 m above present sea-level). Later the sabkha is only flooded after rainstorms, when it reaches an elevation of about 1 m or more above present sea-level. Stage 6: in sabkha development is the coastal plain, which results when large sabkhas are linked together.  相似文献   

厦门同安湾滩槽演变趋势的遥感分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

林桂兰  方建勇  陈峰 《国土资源遥感》2004,15(4):63-67

利用多时相遥感图像判释厦门同安湾入海河流分布、海岸类型及浅海滩槽地貌,并根据海水表层流场特征和浑水带(悬浮泥沙)分布扩散特征及不同时期的海图,对同安湾泥沙供应现状和运移规律以及浅海滩槽冲淤变化、演变趋势进行了分析研究。结果表明,厦门同安湾海岸类型已由类型较齐全的天然海岸演变成单一的人工海岸,泥沙运移走向在平面上展示了逆时针泥沙水平环流特征,潮汐通道和局部海域出现了冲淤变化,部分潮滩处于缓慢淤积状态中。演变的动力因素主要是潮流,其次是径流,人工海岸形成后,陆源泥沙对海域基本不产生影响。  相似文献   

Surface expression of thrust faulting in eastern Iran: source parameters and surface deformation of the 1978 Tabas and 1968 Ferdows earthquake sequences   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Richard Walker  James Jackson  Calum Baker 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,152(3):749-765

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