Two‐dimensional model of diffusion processes around a river mouth   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

B. R. Stanton 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):329-342

The steady state diffusion equation is solved for two‐dimensional flow around a point source along an infinite straight boundary. Solutions obtained are related to the observed distribution of temperature and salinity around the mouth of the Buller River, South Island, New Zealand.  相似文献   

3月份在南海生成的1201号强热带风暴“帕卡”的移动特征及成因分析     

邓文君  仇月萍  邓婧娟 《台湾海峡》2013,32(3)

1949 ～2011年中国气象局台风年鉴资料统计结果表明,在南海生成的热带气旋,1、2月份仅在1965年出现1次,而3月份没有热带风暴强度级别以上的热带气旋生成,1201号强热带风暴“帕卡”是首个3月份在南海生成的强热带风暴,本文指出“帕卡”具有生成时间偏早、移动速度慢等显著特征,其平均移动速度仅为1.6 m/s.利用Nino 3.4区3月表层水温滑动平均资料、分辨率为2.5°×2.5°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、分辨率为1°×1°的NOAA OI表层水温资料,分析了“帕卡”生成原因,结果表明2011年秋冬季拉尼娜事件引起次年3月赤道西北太平洋及南海表层水温较多年平均偏高,其中南海中部表层水温较多年平均偏高0.5℃以上;3月份副高脊线偏北,弱冷空气南下产生的冷涌作为CISK的启动源;南海中南部上空对流活跃,跨赤道气流强劲;低层垂直风切小于5 m/s等有利因素促进了“帕卡”生成.分析结果为春季热带气旋的预报提供有意义的参考.  相似文献   

Submarine Hydrothermal Mineralization on the Izu–Bonin Arc,South of Japan: An Overview     

G. P. Glasby  K. Iizasa  M. Yuasa  A. Usui 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):141-176

Abstract

Considerable effort has been expended in studying the Izu–Bonin Arc over the past 15 years. In particular, 43 dives of the Shinkai 2000 have been undertaken there to discover and evaluate the extent of submarine hydrothermal activity and mineralization. Most effort has been focused on Myojin Knoll (23 dives), Suiyo Seamount (6 dives), and Kaikata Caldera (10 dives).

The Izu–Bonin Arc is divided in two by the Sofugan Tectonic Line. Eight submarine caldera are located north of this line but only one is south of it. The physiography of the northern sector of the arc is quite different from that of the southern sector. Volcanic rocks from the northern sector are more acidic than those from the southern sector.

Evidence for submarine hydrothermal mineralization has been observed at four seamounts along the Izu–Bonin Arc (Myojin Knoll, Myojinsho, Suiyo Seamount, and Kaikata Caldera), and submarine hydrothermal activity is evident at another three seamounts along the arc (Kurose Hole, Mokuyo Seamount, and Doyo Seamount).

The most extensive submarine hydrothermal mineral deposit so far located on the Izu–Bonin Arc is the Sunrise deposit at Myojin Knoll. This deposit, at least 400 m in diameter and 30 m high, is associated with black smoker venting, inactive sulfide chimneys, massive sulfides, hydrothermal Mn crusts, and a hydrothermal vent fauna. The maximum recorded temperature of the hydrothermal vents there was 278°C. Some of the sulfide chimneys contained as much as 49 μg/g Au and 3,400 μg/g Ag. The sunrise deposit is one of the largest submarine volcanic massive sulfide deposits so far discovered in midocean ridge, backarc, or arc settings and has an estimated mass of 9 × 10⁶ t. This deposit may be of the Kuroko-type. The discovery of the Sunrise deposit in 1997 gives hope that other, similarly large, sulfide deposits may be found in other caldera along the Izu–Bonin Arc.

The geological variability along the arc, the high seismicity, the occurrence of active volcanism and submarine hydrothermal venting, and a proven submarine hydrothermal mineral potential coupled with the proximity of the region to Japan suggest that the Izu–Bonin Arc could profitably serve as a natural laboratory for the long-term monitoring of the seafloor.  相似文献   

Fe(II) in coastal rainwater: Changing stability and concentrations     

Joan D. Willey  Robert J. Kieber  Josephine R. Yavari 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2009,71(2):144-150

  相似文献   

铜、镍、铂族元素地球化学性质及其在幔源岩浆起源、演化和岩浆硫化物矿床研究中的意义          下载免费PDF全文

宋谢炎胡瑞忠  陈列锰 《地学前缘》2009,16(4):287-305

Ni、Cu和PGE具有不同于其他微量元素的特殊的地球化学性质,这些特殊的性质使得它们在幔源岩浆起源和演化以及岩浆硫化物矿床的成因研究中具有不可替代的作用。在S不饱和的条件下,Ni、Os、Ir和Ru具有相容元素的特性,而Cu和Pd是强不相容元素,因此,它们在玄武岩浆分离结晶过程中常常发生分异。一旦体系达到S饱和,这些元素则会强烈地进入硫化物熔浆,特别是PGE具有极高的硫化物熔浆/硅酸盐熔浆分配系数,极微量的硫化物熔离便可导致残余岩浆中PGE的显著亏损,因此,PGE是玄武岩浆硫化物熔离作用最敏感的示踪元素。硫化物熔离和成矿实质上是幔源岩浆特殊演化过程的结果,所以,Ni,Cu和PGE的特殊性质可用来探讨岩浆硫化物成矿的关键控制因素。Ni、Cu和PGE具有不同的单硫化物固溶体/硫化物熔浆分配系数,因此,它们也是硫化物熔浆结晶分异的重要示踪元素。本文试图从Ni、Cu和PGE地球化学性质和行为入手,并借助一些研究实例,对它们在幔源岩浆起源和演化以及岩浆硫化物矿床成因研究中的示踪意义进行系统介绍。  相似文献   

Analyses of spring mean circulations for major and minor dust storm years in China–Mongolia area     

MinHong Song  ZhengAn Qian  Ying Cai  ChungMing Liu 《寒旱区科学》2009,1(4):0361-0371

To better understand the dust storm (hereafter DS) inducing circulation in the China–Mongolia (CM) DS activity area, the spring mean circulation features and differences on lower levels in three subregions of the CM DS area for the major- and minor-DS years have, as a whole (not partly), been analyzed, utilizing the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalyzed gridded data, the observed DS frequency data in the CM area, and the composite analysis method. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Judging from the differences in the DS-inducing systems, dust origins, paths of invading cold air, and main DS-strike areas, the whole CM DS area is roughly divided into the three subregions: the East-, Middle- and West-CM subregions (in this paper, referred to as E-, M-, and W-CM). (2) In major DSs during spring over the E-CM, the middle- and lower-level troughs or cyclones over the Japan Sea and northeastern China (NEC) dominate. The invading cold air along the northeastern (NE) or north by east (NE) path often causes the DS in the E-CM region. But nearly the opposite is true in minor DS during spring in E-CM. (3) In the major DS during spring over the M-CM region, the Mongolian troughs or cyclones are the main DS-inducing systems. The strong invading cold air along the northwestern (NW)- or north by west (Nw) path causes the DSs in the M-CM region. (4) In the major DSs during spring over the W-CM region, the South Xinjiang heat lows prevail, the intruding cold air has a western path, and creates the DSs in South Xinjiang. (5) In the past 50 years, the DSs over the M-CM region have had the most severe impact on the preceding three subregions of the CM DS area. Overall, DS activities over all of three regions of the CM area decreased in the past (particularly, over M- and W-CM regions since the mid-1980s. But there existed a short and sudden increasing in E-CM in the years 2000–2002. (6) It is circulation changes and desertification evolutions that cause the yearly and decadal changes of DS in CM area, especially the former. With the backdrop of global warming in the future, perhaps the decreased DS activities over M- and W-CM will persist for some time again, and special attention should be paid to ones over E-CM or to the individual DS events over M- and W-CM.  相似文献   

新疆春夏洪灾受灾面积长期变化趋势及其对农作物的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王秋香  吴彦  叶殿秀  李秦 《干旱区地理》2009,32(3)

选用新疆1950-2006年84个县2038条洪水灾害资料,以春夏3～8月洪灾受灾面积为研究对象,用最小二乘法与二阶主值函数分析各月受灾面积的长期变化趋势,非参数化秩统计量做趋势的显著性检验,计算累计距平值判定时间序列的拐点,以拐点前后的变差系数比较受灾面积振幅的变化,采用morlet小波分析其振荡周期发现,春季3～5月农作物苗期是融雪洪水多发季节,洪灾受灾面积占全年的37%,各月受灾面积均有长期增加的趋势.其中,春季洪灾高发期的5月增加趋势十分显著,平均每年增加2.01%,是春季农田防洪的重点时期.夏季6～8月各种农作物的旺盛生长期,是暴雨洪水的频繁发生期,受灾面积占全年的60%,夏季各月洪灾受灾面积均有长期增加的趋势,其中,洪灾高发期的6、7月增加趋势十分显著,7月平均每年增加2.13%,6月增加1.86%,因此6、7月是夏季农田防洪的重点时期.另外,洪灾高发期的5、6、7月存在12～15年、5～7年的振荡周期,以及2～3年的小扰动,各类周期振荡在拐点之前比较弱,之后振荡较强.其中,春季3、4、5月拐点在1984年,夏季6、7、8月拐点分别在1974.年、1986年和1988年.同样以拐点为界,之前是洪灾少发时期,之后即开始处于洪灾频发期气候背景上的年代际与年际尺度振荡,另外,拐点前后平均受灾面积相差很大,增幅在58%～164%之间.  相似文献   

基于Ts-EVI特征空间的春旱遥感监测——以河北省为例   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

闫峰  王艳姣  武建军 《干旱区地理》2009,32(5)

春季干旱是影响我国农业生产的重要自然灾害。以河北省为研究区,采用Ts-EVI构建的特征空间,以温度植被干旱指数TVDI作为土壤水分估算因子对2005年4～5月的春旱发生与发展进行遥感监测,主要得出以下结论:(1)表层土壤相对湿度RSM_(10)与TVDI的相关性均通过了α=0.001水平的置信度的t检验而表现出显著相关性,基于Ts-EVI特征空间构建的TVDI可以较好地估算土壤表层水分状况。(2)TVDI与不同土壤深度RSM的相关性在不同时期存在一定的差异,4月上旬～4月中旬以10 cm深度处的相关性最高,20 cm处次之;4月下旬～5月下旬以20 cm土壤深度处的相关性最好,10 cm处次之。(3)在不统计云覆盖地区旱情的情况下,2005年4月上旬河北省春旱面积为15 014.4 km~2;4月中旬～5月下旬的春旱面积分别为43 350.4 km~2、13 889.3km~2、71 664.3 km~2、12 864.8 km~2和44381.5 km~2。  相似文献   

2008年唐古拉山北5.5(M_S)级地震烈度考察     

陈正位  曹忠权  郭春明  杨攀新 《中国地震》2009,25(4)

2008年6月10日唐古拉山北唐古拉兵站附近发生了5.5(M_S)级地震,根据地震烈度考察,宏观震中位于唐古拉兵站和青藏铁路777号桥附近,震中烈度为Ⅵ度,Ⅵ度区的面积3245km~2,呈椭圆形,长轴为北北东向,短轴为北西西向.现场调查和震源机制解表明本次地震的发震构造为北北东向的温泉断裂.  相似文献   

遵义下寒武统黑色岩系Ni-Mo多金属矿的生物成矿作用     

周洁  ;胡凯  ;边立曾 《火山地质与矿产》2009,(2):96-101

贵州遵义地区黄家湾矿是黑色页岩型镍钼多金属元素矿床。镜下观察及电子探针分析首次发现了矿石中红藻囊果及其与各金属硫化物之间密切的共生关系,为生物参与成矿作用提供了证据。结合前人研究结果,认为镍、钼等金属元素的来源及富集可能与藻类生物作用有关。  相似文献