条件平差和间接平差模型应满足的两个等式关系     

张俊  袁亮  张鹏飞 《测绘与空间地理信息》2014,(12)

条件平差和间接平差法是两种最基本的测量数据处理的方法,在整个工科数据处理中得到了广泛应用.但是,实践中,一些工程人员对这两种平差方法的区别与联系并不十分了解.本文基于最小二乘准则解的本质,推导出了条件平差法与间接平差法系数阵和常数项间应满足的两个等式关系,有助于广大工程人员理解这两种测量平差的本质与联系.  相似文献   

GAINS中重力传感器信息的扰动改正   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

李姗姗  吴晓平 《测绘科学技术学报》2007,24(4):270-273

重力辅助惯性导航系统GAINS(Gravity Aided Inertial Navigation System)是利用地球物理特征信息重力来完成水下运动载体的辅助惯性导航与定位.为实现重力匹配以校正惯性导航随时间累积的误差,首先必须对重力传感器输出信息进行扰动改正.分析了水下运动状态下重力传感器受到的各种重力扰动,如垂直扰动加速度、水平扰动加速度以及厄特弗斯效应影响所产生的原因,研究了扰动误差模型与INS导航精度之间的关系,并通过计算,提出了可直接以INS输出数据而无需其它外部有源导航信息进行扰动分离的方法.  相似文献   

Evaluation of grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG version 2 (GAMIL2)     

李立娟  王斌  董理  刘利  申思  胡宁  孙文奇  王勇  黄文誉  史湘军  普业  杨广文 《大气科学进展》2013,30(3):855-867

The Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG version 2 (GAMIL2) has been developed through upgrading the deep convection parameterization, cumulus cloud fraction and two-moment cloud microphysical scheme, as well as changing some of the large uncertain parameters. In this paper, its performance is evaluated, and the results suggest that there are some significant improvements in GAMIL2 compared to the previous version GAMIL1, for example, the components of the energy budget at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and surface; the geographic distribution of shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCF); the ratio of stratiform versus total rainfall; the response of atmospheric circulation to the tropical ocean; and the eastward propagation and spatiotemporal structures of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO). Furthermore, the indirect aerosols effect (IAE) is -0.94 W m-2, within the range of 0 to -2 W m-2 given by the IPCC 4th Assessment Report (2007). The influence of uncertain parameters on the MJO and radiation fluxes is also discussed.  相似文献   

Analytical studies of the cloud droplet spectral dispersion influence on the first indirect aerosol effect   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

解小宁  刘晓东 《大气科学进展》2013,30(5):1313-1319

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Model Analysis of the Anthropogenic Aerosol Effect on Clouds over East Asia          下载免费PDF全文

GAO Yi  ZHANG Mei-Gen  LIU Xiao-Hong  ZHAO Chun 《大气和海洋科学快报》2012,5(1):1-7

A coupled meteorology and aerosol/chemistry model WRF-Chem(Weather Research and Forecast model coupled with Chemistry) was used to conduct a pair of simulations with present-day(PD) and preindustrial(PI) emissions over East Asia to examine the aerosol indirect effect on clouds.As a result of an increase in aerosols in January,the cloud droplet number increased by 650 cm-3 over the ocean and East China,400 cm-3 over Central and Southwest China,and less than 200 cm-3 over North China.The cloud liquid water path(LWP) increased by 40-60 g m-2 over the ocean and Southeast China and 30 g m-2 over Central China;the LWP increased less than 5 g m-2 or decreased by 5 g m-2 over North China.The effective radius(Re) decreased by more than 4 μm over Southwest,Central,and Southeast China and 2μm over North China.In July,variations in cloud properties were more uniform;the cloud droplet number increased by approximately 250-400 cm-3,the LWP increased by approximately 30-50 g m-2,and Re decreased by approximately 3 ?m over most regions of China.In response to cloud property changes from PI to PD,shortwave(SW) cloud radiative forcing strengthened by 30 W m-2 over the ocean and 10 W m-2 over Southeast China,and it weakened slightly by approximately 2-10 W m-2 over Central and Southwest China in January.In July,SW cloud radiative forcing strengthened by 15 W m-2 over Southeast and North China and weakened by 10 W m-2 over Central China.The different responses of SW cloud radiative forcing in different regions was related to cloud feedbacks and natural variability.  相似文献   

测角三维坐标采集系统的设计与实现     

刘尚国  于胜文  郑文华  王喜芹 《测绘信息与工程》2012,37(1):36-38

介绍了测角三维坐标采集系统设计的总体思路和基本功能,探讨了联机实时通信、数据存取操作及管理、顾及尺度基准的间接平差等关键技术,并通过试验测试,验证了系统测量的可靠性。  相似文献   

城市空间框架数据研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

罗志清  郝力  李琦 《地理与地理信息科学》2004,20(4):15-18

该文基于地理空间概念和地理信息数字化表达与共享的特点,探讨了框架数据的作用、确定原则,推导出城市空间框架数据体系,即建立城市直接空间参照体系和间接空间参照体系。后者中,基于地块的多尺度无缝不规则网格是整合城市社会经济数据的关键,也是当前城市空间数据基础设施框架数据体系建设中的薄弱环节。  相似文献   

THE ANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX AND ONSET     

沈新勇  黄文彦  陈宏波 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2017,23(4):357-367

RegCM4.3, a high-resolution regional climate model, which includes five kinds of aerosols(dust, sea salt,sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon), is employed to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) from 1995 to 2010 and the simulation data are used to study the possible impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on EASM.The results show that the regional climate model can well simulate the EASM and the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. The EASM index is reduced by about 5% by the natural and anthropogenic aerosols and the monsoon onset time is also delayed by about a pentad except for Southeast China. The aerosols heat the middle atmosphere through absorbing solar radiation and the air column expands in Southeast China and its offshore areas. As a result, the geopotential height decreases and a cyclonic circulation anomaly is generated in the lower atmosphere. Northerly wind located in the west of cyclonic circulation weakens the low-level southerly wind in the EASM region. Negative surface radiative forcing due to aerosols causes downward motion and an indirect meridional circulation is formed with the low-level northerly wind and high-level southerly wind anomaly in the north of 25° N in the monsoon area, which weakens the vertical circulation of EASM. The summer precipitation of the monsoon region is significantly reduced,especially in North and Southwest China where the value of moisture flux divergence increases.  相似文献   

西天山气象因子对融雪期积雪深度影响通径分析     

胡淑娟  雷晓云  邢坤 《气象与环境科学》2017,40(3):33-37

积雪深度的变化受到多种气象因子共同影响。基于天山积雪雪崩站观测的水文气象资料,通过数理统计、标准化处理、通径分析等方法探索气象因子之间的相互作用对积雪深度变化的影响。研究结果表明:融雪期大气温度、净辐射、相对湿度等6个气象因子对积雪深度变化的影响程度不同,净辐射与积雪深度相关程度最高。气象因子之间有着不同程度的相互联系,相对湿度与降水之间的相关系数高达0.854,相对湿度与降水之间有着密切的联系。直接通径系数反映独立气象因子对积雪深度的直接影响程度,间接通径系数反映独立气象因子在其他气象因子的影响下对积雪深度的间接影响程度。根据积雪深度决定系数绝对值的大小可以得到,对积雪深度变化贡献力由大到小的气象因子依次为:净辐射、地表温度、大气温度、降水、相对湿度、风速;积雪深度的剩余系数为0.353,说明除了本研究的6个气象因子以外还存在着其他影响积雪深度变化的因素。  相似文献   

CALCULATING THE DYNAMIC STIFFNESS MATRIX OF 2-D FOUNDATIONS BY DISCRETE WAVE NUMBER INDIRECT BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHODS     

J. X. ZHAO  A. J. CARR  P. J. MOSS 《地震工程与结构动力学》1997,26(1):115-133

Apart from some special cases, calculating the dynamic stiffness matrix of foundations on a layered half-space, especially for embedded foundations, is computationally expensive. An efficient method for two-dimensional foundations in a horizontally layered soil media is presented in this paper. This method is based on indirect boundary element methods and uses discrete wave number solution methods for calculating Green's functions for displacements and analytical methods for the integrations over the boundary. For surface foundations, the present method applies at all frequencies. For embedded foundations or for constructing energy transmitting boundaries, because the free-field part is modelled by boundary elements and the excavated part is modelled by finite elements, the present method applies only at low frequencies for the spring coefficients (the real parts of the dynamic stiffness matrix) but applies at all frequencies for the damping coefficients (the imaginary part of the dynamic stiffness matrix) for undamped sites. The novelty of the method can be used for three-dimensional foundations. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献