一种卫星钟差精度评估方法     

于合理  郝金明  刘伟平  田英国  廖琪 《海洋测绘》2014,(2):11-13

GNSS观测量测量的是测站与卫星间的相对时间延迟,卫星钟差求解的是相对于基准钟的相对钟差,因此卫星钟差的精度评估方法不同于其他GNSS产品。分析了卫星钟差的精度评估方法,采用消除卫星钟系统偏差的方法进行钟差精度的评估,得到的各产品的精度评定结果与各产品公布的钟差精度基本一致,证明了此方法的有效性。  相似文献   

Correcting bias in rainfall inputs to a semi-distributed hydrological model using downstream flow simulation errors     

D.A. Hughes  R. Gray 《水文科学杂志》2017,62(15):2427-2439

The focus of this study is on bias correcting semi-distributed rainfall inputs into a hydrological model applied in the Okavango River basin in southern Africa, where there are very few local observations and heavy reliance is placed on global rainfall datasets. While the hydrological model, before rainfall bias correction, is able to represent the broad characteristics of the sub-basin streamflow responses, as demonstrated by good agreement between observed and simulated flow duration curves, there are many years where the annual volumes are over- or underestimated. The long records of observed flow at downstream stations are successfully used to bias correct the rainfall inputs to the upstream sub-basins using an analysis of their individual contributions to downstream flow and their annual rainfall–runoff response ratios. The results show improved simulations for the relatively shorter observation periods at the upstream gauging stations.  相似文献   

High Precision Geoid Models HKGEOID-2000 for Hong Kong and SZGEOID-2000 for Shenzhen,China     

Zhicai Luo  Jinsheng Ning  Yongqi Chen  Zhanji Yang 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(2):191-200

High precision geoid models HKGEOID-2000 for Hong Kong and SZGEOID-2000 for Shenzhen, China, have been developed with a hybrid approach of so-called sequential processing, using high precision GPS/leveling data, land and sea gravity anomalies, and digital terrain models. These two local geoid models have the same 1-km resolution. The estimated accuracy (external accuracy) is better than 1.7 cm for HKGEOID-2000 and 1.4 cm for SZGEOID-2000. Some common areas are covered by HKGEOID-2000 and SZGEOID-2000. So these two geoid models, along with high quality GPS/leveling data collected on the overlapping areas, can be used to detect the systematic bias between HKGEOID-2000 and SZGEOID-2000, as well as the difference between Hong Kong Principal Datum and 1956 yellow sea height datum of China, yielding RMS errors of 1.011 m and 1,003 m, respectively. Moreover, HKGEOID-2000, along with GPS ellipsoidal heights, is employed to determine the errors of the “orthometric heights” from purely trigonometric heighting, yielding an RMS error of 0.102 m. The combination of SZGEOID-2000 and GPS ellipsoidal heights has been used to replace the traditional spirit leveling and mapping, called GPS mapping.  相似文献   

ISO Best Practices in Reference Material Certification and Use in Geoanalysis     

Jean S. Kane  Philip J. Potts 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2007,31(4):361-378

The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) has published many guides, or technical standards, of great value to analytical geochemists. Two of particular importance are Guide 33 (Uses of Certified Reference Materials) and Guide 35 (Certification of Reference Materials). Both were first developed in the 1980s and undergo regular review and updating by the Reference Materials Committee (REMCO) that operates within ISO. Recent revisions have focused on adding statistical rigour to both guides. Although this offers significant advantages for use by professional metrologists, there are consequent issues of comprehension by the analytical chemists who in fact have the greatest need of them. A major focus of Guide 35 is the development of reference material uncertainties that are in full compliance with the Guide on Measurement Uncertainty (GUM), jointly issued by ISO, IUPAC and others. Guide 35 details handling of uncertainty due to (1) degradation on the shelf and in transport, (2) sample heterogeneity and (3) inter‐method and inter‐laboratory bias, as well as within‐laboratory repeatability. The International Association of Geoanalysts has developed a protocol for reference material certification that applies Guide 35 to the specific needs of the geoanalytical community. The approach being taken by the IAG in developing GUM‐compliant uncertainties for its certified values is presented. Recommendations made in Guide 33 for how a laboratory should compare its own results with certified values in assessing laboratory accuracy are outlined. Additionally, the subject of misusing reference materials is discussed. The apparent misuse occurs because so few CRMs exist that meet critical measurement needs of geoanalytical laboratories and that also meet the rigorous metrological demands of the latest editions of the ISO Guides. All of the focus of the IAG certification programme has been to undertake certifications that would fill gaps in CRM availability and thus serve to limit this misuse.  相似文献   

一种GNSS网络RTK改进的综合误差内插方法   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

唐卫明  刘经南  刘晖  白清波 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2007,32(12):1156-1159

在全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）网络RTK综合误差内插法（CBI）的基础上，提出了一种改进的综合误差内插方法（MCBI）。该方法把综合误差分为对流层模型改正、一阶电离层影响和除一阶电离层影响外的其他综合影响3个部分。实例证明了该方法不仅在精度上比综舍误差内插法要高，而且更利于流动站的应用。  相似文献   

Source bias in epicentre determinations revisited     

A. Douglas 《Journal of Seismology》2007,11(2):171-176

Most estimates of the epicentre of the Long Shot explosion (29 October 1965, Aleutian Islands) are biased to the north of the true epicentre, this bias being much larger than formal uncertainty estimates. The bias is interpreted by some as evidence that the P-wave speeds in the upper mantle in the source region are higher to the north than to the south; that is, the difference between estimated and true epicentre is a source bias. Others argue that much of the bias can be explained by station anomalies, i.e. differences in the wave speeds in the upper mantle at stations to the north relative to those to the south. Bias may also be introduced by measurement error if signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is lower on average at stations to the south compared to those to the north and times are read late at the low SNR stations. Here I locate Long Shot and the other two Aleutian Island explosions (Milrow and Cannikin) using P times from small networks of stations all on continents. The results support the view that a large component of the bias in the epicentres of the three explosions is due to station anomalies and not source bias, but that for the Long Shot explosion (the lowest magnitude of the three explosions), measurement error due to systematic variations in the SNR between stations to the north and south also contributes to the bias.  相似文献   

Correcting the Smoothing Effect of Estimators: A Spectral Postprocessor   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

André G. Journel  Phaedon C. Kyriakidis  Shuguang Mao 《Mathematical Geology》2000,32(7):787-813

The postprocessing algorithm introduced by Yao for imposing the spectral amplitudes of a target covariance model is shown to be efficient in correcting the smoothing effect of estimation maps, whether obtained by kriging or any other interpolation technique. As opposed to stochastic simulation, Yao's algorithm yields a unique map starting from an original, typically smooth, estimation map. Most importantly it is shown that reproduction of a covariance/semivariogram model (global accuracy) is necessarily obtained at the cost of local accuracy reduction and increase in conditional bias. When working on one location at a time, kriging remains the most accurate (in the least squared error sense) estimator. However, kriging estimates should only be listed, not mapped, since they do not reflect the correct (target) spatial autocorrelation. This mismatch in spatial autocorrelation can be corrected via stochastic simulation, or can be imposed a posteriori via Yao's algorithm.  相似文献   

Use of shallow groundwater temperature profiles to infer climate and land use change: interpretation and measurement challenges          下载免费PDF全文

Nicolò Colombani  Beatrice Maria Sole Giambastiani  Micòl Mastrocicco 《水文研究》2016,30(14):2512-2524

Temperature is often used to infer the effect of land use and climate conditions on aquifers. Reliable data are needed to examine the temperature behaviour in the subsurface; thus, the use of robust acquisition techniques is unavoidable. Three temperature measurement techniques were applied to assess the sources of bias that could occur during temperature logging in a shallow Quaternary coastal aquifer in Ferrara (Northern Italy). Open borehole temperature logging, multilevel sampling straddle packers isolated temperature measurements within a flow cell above ground and multilevel sampling straddle packers isolated temperature measurements via an in‐well level logger (MLS‐IW) were compared for several coastal monitoring wells to gain insights on the limitations of each technique. Results show that the source of bias between the three applied techniques are different: (i) the open borehole temperature logging method tends to record heat convection through the open borehole and is not representative of the aquifer temperature distribution; (ii) the multilevel sampling straddle packers isolated temperature measurements within a flow cell above ground method is swayed by the air temperature and the heating of the submersible pump used to lift groundwater above ground; and (iii) the MLS‐IW provides the most reliable vertical thermal profiling both in summer and winter, because groundwater temperature is directly measured at the selected monitoring depth. The implementation of a 1D flow model demonstrates that if precise temperature profiles are needed to infer the influence that land use and climate changes have on groundwater, the MLS‐IW method is a reliable method that could be applied to existing monitoring wells. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

极轨卫星观测偏差订正动态更新技术在GRAPES_3Dvar的应用研究     

王雪曼  李刚  张华 《气象》2015,41(7):863-871

偏差订正技术是卫星辐射率资料同化的关键技术,目前全球GRAPES变分同化系统采用基于Harris和Kelly考虑扫描角和气团的静态偏差订正方案;但是该方案并没有考虑偏差属性的变化（比如仪器老化、观测数据漂移等问题）。因此,本文基于Harris和Kelly的TOVS辐射偏差订正方案以及国外在数值天气预报系统中对卫星数据提出的偏差订正动态更新概念的基础上,结合GRAPES分析预报系统和国家卫星气象中心的卫星预处理系统的特点以及仪器特征,提出了GRAPES偏差订正动态更新方案,来解决数据的漂移等问题。偏差订正动态更新技术是动态方法的一种,采用变分方法对偏差订正预报因子的系数进行调整。为了检验新方案的效果,设计了试验方案。为期两个月的同化试验结果显示,动态更新方案可以自动、迅速地优化已经退化的偏差订正方程,保持偏差订正的效果,运行稳定,结果令人鼓舞。  相似文献   

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王宇谱  吕志平  陈正生  黄令勇 《大地测量与地球动力学》2014,34(3):155-159

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