北太行山安妥岭斑岩钼矿Pb同位素组成及地质意义     

卢仁  梁涛  罗照华  樊秉鸿 《矿产与地质》2013,(1):83-88

对安妥岭斑岩钼矿床矿石中辉钼矿和黄铁矿进行了Pb同位素分析。安妥岭黄铁矿样品投点位于下地壳铅演化趋势线附近,辉钼矿样品投点位于上地幔铅演化趋势线附近;在Pb同位素Δβ-Δγ图解中,安妥岭样品数据点位于地幔源区和造山作用源区。这些Pb同位素特征表明安妥岭斑岩钼矿的成矿物质来源于上地幔-下地壳。同时,安妥岭斑岩钼Pb同位素示踪揭示了成矿期的构造运动波及到上地幔-下地壳,与安妥岭岩石圈拆沉作用这一深部动力学过程相吻合,安妥岭斑岩钼矿受控于太行山板内造山过程,其形成与太平洋板块的俯冲作用无关。  相似文献   

三种碎屑颗粒形态定量分析方法的比较及应用     

王为  许刘兵  刘志鹏  黄日辉  赖宜讯  刘韫  邓茹萍 《地质论评》2013,59(3):553-562

沉积物颗粒的形态是沉积成因分析的主要标志之一。目估对比法是沉积物颗粒圆度分析中常用的方法。目估法直观、简捷,但主观因素影响较大。本文利用计算机图像分析软件Image Pro Plus 6.0获取鲍尔斯目估标准颗粒的轮廓,并用3种定量方法测量这些标准颗粒的IPP圆度、轮廓分维数和傅里叶不圆度,然后对比这些圆度的划分标准与目估标准之间的差别,最后用3种圆度测定方法同时测量广东马头山风化坑和河流壶穴中碎屑颗粒的圆度,通过测量结果的对比来评价这3种定量方法的应用效果,检验这些方法能否在实际应用中代替目估方法以区分不同成因的碎屑颗粒。分析表明：目估法的磨圆度标准不是简单地表达颗粒的圆形与否,其中包括了颗粒表面结构的差异;3种定量方法的圆度划分标准很难与目估划分标准完全一致;3种方法所表征的圆度均能区分风化作用和流水侵蚀作用形成的颗粒,因此3种定量方法均可以代替目估方法测量颗粒的圆度;在不强调颗粒表面特征的前提下,IPP圆度的测量方法比其他两种方法更加有效;颗粒形态的分析结果证明河谷壶穴中的颗粒由流水侵蚀作用而成,山顶风化坑中的颗粒由风化作用而成  相似文献   

Spatial soil loss risk and reservoir siltation in semi-arid Tunisia     

Sihem Jebari  Ronny Berndtsson  Akissa Bahri  Mohamed Boufaroua 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):121-137

Abstract

Soil erosion vulnerability and extreme rainfall characteristics over the Mediterranean semi-arid region of Tunisia are crucial input for estimation of siltation rate in artificial reservoirs. A comprehensive high-resolution database on erosive rainfall, together with siltation records for 28 small reservoirs, were analysed for this region, the Tunisian Dorsal (the easternmost part of the Atlas Mountains). The general life-span of these reservoirs is only about 14 years. Depending on the soil degradation in the different catchments, the corresponding reservoirs display a wide range of soil erosion rates. The average soil loss was 14.5 t ha^?1 year^?1 but some catchments display values of up to 36.4 t ha^?1 year^?1. The maximum 15-min duration rainfall intensity was used to determine the spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity. The northwestern parts of the Tunisian Dorsal display the most extreme rainfall erosivity. Spatial erosion patterns are to some extent similar; however, they vary greatly according to their location in the “soil degradation cycle”. This cycle determines the soil particle delivery potential of the catchment. In general, the northwestern parts of the Dorsal display modest soil erosion patterns due to the already severely degraded soil structure. Here, the soil surface is often the original bedrock. However, the greatest soil erosion occurs in the mid-eastern parts of the Dorsal, which represents the “degradation front”. The latter corresponds to the area with highest erosion, which is continuously progressing westward in the Dorsal. The large variation between the erosive rainfall events and the annual soil loss rates was explained by two important factors. The first relates to the soil degradation cycle. The second factor corresponds to the degradation front with the highest soil loss rates. At present this front is located at 300 m altitude and appears to be moving along an 80-km westward path starting from the east coast. A better understanding of the above can be used to better manage soils and soil covers in the Tunisian Dorsal area and, eventually, to decrease the soil erosion and reservoir siltation risk.

Citation Jebari, S., Berndtsson, R., Bahri, A. & Boufaroua, M. (2010) Spatial soil loss risk and reservoir siltation in semi-arid Tunisia. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(1), 121–137.  相似文献   

Snow and glacier melt in the Satluj River at Bhakra Dam in the western Himalayan region     

PRATAP SINGH  S. K. JAIN 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):93-106

Abstract

Streamflow in the Himalayan rivers is generated from rainfall, snow and ice. The distribution of runoff produced from these sources is such that the streamflow may be observed in these rivers throughout the year, i.e. they are perennial in nature. Snow and glacier melt runoff contributes substantially to the annual flows of these rivers and its estimation is required for the planning, development and management of the water resources of this region. The average contribution of snow and glacier melt runoff in the annual flows of the Satluj River at Bhakra Dam has been determined. Keeping in view the availability of data for the study basin, a water balance approach was used and a water budget period of 10 years (October 1986-September 1996) was considered for the analysis. The rainfall input to the study basin over the water budget period was computed from isohyets using rainfall data of 10 stations located at different elevations in the basin. The total volume of flow for the same period was computed using observed flow data of the Satluj River at Bhakra Dam. A relationship between temperature and evaporation was developed and used to estimate the evapotranspiration losses. The snow-covered area, and its depletion with time, was determined using satellite data. It was found that the average contribution of snow and glacier runoff in the annual flow of the Satluj River at Bhakra Dam is about 59%, the remaining 41% being from rain.  相似文献   

Ethics of large-scale change     

Finn Arler 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):131-144

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 106(2): 131–144, 2006

The subject of this paper is long-term large-scale changes in human society. Some very significant examples of large-scale change are presented: human population growth, human appropriation of land and primary production, the human use of fossil fuels, and climate change. The question is posed, which kind of attitude is appropriate when dealing with large-scale changes like these from an ethical point of view. Three kinds of approaches are discussed: Aldo Leopold's mountain thinking, the neoclassical economists' approach, and finally the so-called Concentric Circle Theories approach. It is argued that the last of these three approaches must be preferred, even though further interpretation will be needed in relation to specific decision-making.  相似文献   

Spatiotemporal index for analyzing controls on snow climatology: application in the Colorado Front Range     

Eric E. Richer  Stephanie K. Kampf  Steven R. Fassnacht  Cara C. Moore 《自然地理学》2013,34(2):85-107

Mountain snowpacks are important water supplies that are susceptible to climate change, yet snow measurements are sparse relative to snowpack heterogeneity. We used remote sensing to derive a spatiotemporal index of snow climatology that reveals patterns in snow accumulation, persistence, and ablation. Then we examined how this index relates to climate, terrain, and vegetation. Analyses were based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer eight-day snow cover from 2000 to 2010 for a mountain watershed in the Colorado Front Range, USA. The Snow Cover Index (SCI) was calculated as the fraction of years that were snow covered for each pixel. The proportion of SCI variability explained by independent variables was evaluated using regression analysis. Independent variables included elevation, northing, easting, slope, aspect, northness, solar radiation, precipitation, temperature, and vegetation cover. Elevation was the dominant control on SCI patterns, due to its influence on both temperature and precipitation. Grouping SCI values by elevation, we identified three distinct snow zones in the basin: persistent, transitional, and intermittent. The transitional snow zone represents an area that is sensitive to losing winter snowpack. The SCI can be applied to other basins or regions to identify dominant controls on snow cover patterns and areas sensitive to snow loss.  相似文献   

山体效应对台湾常绿阔叶林分布上限的影响     

张朔  张百平  姚永慧  齐文文  庞宇  赵芳 《山地学报》2013,31(5)

山体效应使山体内部的垂直植被带相对升高,影响山地的立体生态格局.台湾岛中央山脉在3500m以上,山地植被的分布高度不仅受到纬度和季风的影响,也必然受到山体效应的影响.采用台湾生物多样性信息中心发布的数据,利用多元线性回归模型分析纬度、山体效应(以山体基面高度为简单量化指标)以及季风(以冬雨量占全年降水量百分比为简明代表)对台湾常绿阔叶林分布上限的影响.结果表明,纬度、山体效应和季风为自变量的线性回归模型R2为0.562,回归方程显著,具有统计学意义,三个变量的贡献率分别为26.32％、64.12％与9.56％.这表明山体效应对台湾山地垂直带的影响非常显著,远远超过了纬度与季风的作用.同时还发现,冬雨量与垂直带分布高度的相关性以24.13°N为界,南北完全相反.该纬度以南,冬雨量与垂直带分布高度呈现较强的正相关性;而在以北,正相关性显著下降甚至出现了一定的负相关.后者应该与冬雨量过多有密切关系.  相似文献   

Current Situation and Future Development Trend of Global Skiing Tourism Market     

Laurent VANAT  LI Yu 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2023,14(1):207-216

The global ski tourism market has been in a relatively mature period. However, passenger flows are stagnating in many countries and the growth perspectives are not very appealing. This change of the tourism market troubled the entire ski industry with new challenges, leading to the ski tourism industry model established in the 20th century failing to meet the current development needs. According to multiple data sources, including relevant industry reports and the latest data from internetm, this article based on a variety of these reports and the latest data from website, analyzed the ski tourism market’s both sides of supply and demand, systematically summarized the evolution of ski tourism industry since the 21st century, discussed the process of the ski tourism industry’s development and the economy’s growth, and revealed the relationship between the influencing factors of ski tourism market’s potentials. Meanwhile, the main problems and challenges in the ski market were also summarized. The results showed that global ski tourism had entered a mature stage since the beginning of 2000. Moreover, there was a specific correlation between skiing participation rate and GDP, which varied with the regional economic level and the maturity degree of skiing industry. Despite some impacts from COVID-19, the ski industry in most regions exhibited signs of recovery in 2021. The Winter Olympic Games in China have brought new opportunities to the skiing industry and have been expected to encourage global participation in skiing. However, some existing ski resorts in different countries and regions may not significantly contribute to the future development of global ski tourism, and the potential growth of ski tourism market might be small and mainly concentrated in China. At present, the biggest threat to the ski market is baby boomers having long been the bulk of ski resort visitors. The ski market is faced with this aging problem and the widespread phenomenon of ski culture fault. How to meet the needs of this new generation of customers who lack ski backgrounds or cultures is a severe challenge for all emerging and existing ski resorts around the world. Besides, public transport accessibility, service quality and resorts operation capacity have also been the improvement direction of the ski market in dire need.  相似文献   

山区错季草莓的气候生态适应性分析   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  

魏瑞江  张文宗  陈道红  袁德辉 《气象科技》2007,35(4):531-534

2003~2004、2004~2006年度在阜平山区进行了引种草莓的田间试验。试验证明阜平山区温度、降水、日照等气候生态条件能够满足露地草莓生长发育的需求,由于阜平山区气温低于同期河北平原(以满城县为例)气温,草莓从开花到成熟各发育期均滞后于河北平原,成熟期滞后近1个月,可以通过错季生产使草莓生产旺季与平原地区错开,从而赢得较高的价格;所生产的错季草莓品质优良,果实中可溶性固形物含量和维生素C含量较河北平原对应品种分别高50%和18%;生产效益明显高于当地原来的种植方式,年毛收入是原来种植方式的6.3倍。运用农业气候相似分析方法,论证了阜平山区从河北平原引种草莓是可行性的。  相似文献   

Influence of a rock glacier spring on the stream energy budget and cold‐water refuge in an alpine stream          下载免费PDF全文

Jordan S. Harrington  Masaki Hayashi  Barret L. Kurylyk 《水文研究》2017,31(26):4719-4733

The thermal regimes of alpine streams remain understudied and have important implications for cold‐water fish habitat, which is expected to decline due to climatic warming. Previous research has focused on the effects of distributed energy fluxes and meltwater from snowpacks and glaciers on the temperature of mountain streams. This study presents the effects of the groundwater spring discharge from an inactive rock glacier containing little ground ice on the temperature of an alpine stream. Rock glaciers are coarse blocky landforms that are ubiquitous in alpine environments and typically exhibit low groundwater discharge temperatures and resilience to climatic warming. Water temperature data indicate that the rock glacier spring cools the stream by an average of 3 °C during July and August and reduces maximum daily temperatures by an average of 5 °C during the peak temperature period of the first two weeks in August, producing a cold‐water refuge downstream of the spring. The distributed stream surface and streambed energy fluxes are calculated for the reach along the toe of the rock glacier, and solar radiation dominates the distributed stream energy budget. The lateral advective heat flux generated by the rock glacier spring is compared to the distributed energy fluxes over the study reach, and the spring advective heat flux is the dominant control on stream temperature at the reach scale. This study highlights the potential for coarse blocky landforms to generate climatically resilient cold‐water refuges in alpine streams.  相似文献