A Statistical Analysis of the Theoretical Yield of Ethanol from Corn Starch   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Tad W. Patzek 《Natural Resources Research》2006,15(3):205-212

  This paper analyzes the Illinois State Variety Test results for total and extractable starch content in 708 samples of 401 commercial varieties of corn. It is shown that the normally distributed extractable starch content has the mean of 66.2% and the standard deviation of 1.13%. The corresponding maximum theoretical yield of ethanol is 0.364 kg EtOH/kg dry corn, and the standard deviation is 0.007. In the ethanol industry units, this yield translates to 2.64 gal EtOH/nominal wet bushel, and the standard deviation is 0.05 gal/bu. The U.S. ethanol industry consistently has inflated its ethanol yields by counting 5 volume percent of # 14 gasoline denaturant (8% of energy content) as ethanol. Also, imports from Brazil and higher alcohols seem to have been counted as U.S. ethanol. The usually accepted USDA estimate of mean ethanol yield in the U.S., 2.682 gal EtOH/bu, is one standard deviation above the rigorous statistical estimate in this paper.

Tad W. PatzekEmail:

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Resonance orbits of near-Earth asteroids     

L. L. Sokolov  A. A. Bashakov  N. P. Pit’ev 《Solar System Research》2009,43(4):319-323

Asteroid 99942 Apophis is one of the most hazardous NEAs (near-Earth asteroids) today. Some specific features of its travel are the possibility of repeated Earth approaches, loss of forecast precision due to trajectory dispersions, and nondeterministic motion. These specific features do not only characterize Apophis. Special methods are needed to find possible collision trajectories among these travels. These trajectories are located in the vicinity of resonance collision orbits.The present paper discusses methods of detecting hazardous trajectories in the event of nondeterministic motion and characterizing these trajectories as applied to asteroid Apophis, precision losses in the event of trajectory dispersions, conditions of determinacy losses, and hazardous trajectories in the vicinity of resonance orbits.  相似文献   

Interaction of particles in the near field and opposition effects in regolith-like surfaces     

E. V. Petrova  V. P. Tishkovets  K. Jockers 《Solar System Research》2009,43(2):100-115

The explanation of the opposition effects observed in brightness and polarization in different celestial bodies and laboratory samples is still far from being complete. The shadow hiding and coherent backscattering mechanisms are mentioned most frequently in this connection. In the present work, we consider one more scattering mechanism—the interaction of particles in the near field—and its influence on the brightness and polarization of light scattered by ensembles of particles at small phase angles. First, we analyze two manifestations of this mechanism: the field inhomogeneity in the vicinity of the scatterers and the shielding of particles by each other at distances compared with their sizes. Then, we use the model regolith described as an ensemble of clusters as constituents and compare the contributions of the coherent backscattering and the near-field effect to the intensity and polarization of light when the porosity of the ensemble is varied. The modeling confirms that the phase dependences of the intensity and polarization of light scattered by complex structures in the backscattering domain is mainly caused by these two mechanisms. The coherent backscattering works more effectively in sparse media, while the near-field effect manifests itself in more compact ensembles of wavelength-sized particles. However, it is difficult to distinguish quantitatively their contributions, even in models of simple structures. A number of observations, especially of moderate- and low-albedo objects, can be explained only by invoking the near-field effect.  相似文献   

Closed families of periodic solutions of a restricted three-body problem     

A. D. Bruno  V. P. Varin 《Solar System Research》2009,43(3):253-276

The planar restricted three-body problem has an infinite number of families of symmetric periodic solutions (SPSs). The natural SPS families include certain families which are self-closed with respect to small variations in a parameter. These families remain closed for any admissible variations in the mass parameter μ. However, there are closed SRS families of another type, which exist only in bounded intervals of μ and are formed via self-bifurcations of some SPS families. This type of SPS families is poorly understude. This work describes the initial stage (4 bifurcations) of a bifurcation cascade of the natural family i and points out other closed SPS families known to date.  相似文献   

On the processing and analysis of the data of the CORONAS-F/SPIRIT and other solar experiments     

S. A. Bogachev  V. V. Grechnev  S. V. Kuzin  V. A. Slemzin  O. I. Bugaenko  I. M. Chertok 《Solar System Research》2009,43(2):143-150

More than 300000 solar images in the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray regions were obtained using two telescopes and four spectroheliometers of the CORONAS-F/SPIRIT device from August 2001 to December 2005. Methods for the processing of such data and extracting physical information are presented, taking into account the experience of processing and analysis of other space experiments on solar research. Some results on applications of the considered methods are presented.  相似文献   

毫米/亚毫米波探测大气温度和湿度的通道选择          下载免费PDF全文

郭杨  卢乃锰  谷松岩 《应用气象学报》2010,21(6):716-723

利用热带大气温湿廓线计算了热带地区毫米/亚毫米波段微波大气透过率权重函数。对权重函数峰值高度的分析结果显示:对流层低层的大气温度可以选择118 GHz通道的远翼频率来探测,而对高层大气温度进行探测时,选择425 GHz通道的远翼频率较为合适;在大气湿度探测方面,183 GHz通道组合适合探测对流层中层大气的湿度,高层大气湿度探测应该首先考虑380 GHz通道组合来实现。根据大气温度探测通道和大气湿度探测通道的权重函数分布,鉴于国内现有遥感仪器的制造水平,建议选择118 GHz 3个通道与425 GHz 8个通道共11个大气温度探测通道和183 GHz 3个通道与380 GHz 5个通道共8个大气湿度探测通道作为未来静止轨道微波探测的候选通道。  相似文献   

面向对象在关系数据库设计中的应用     

赵秋云  魏乐  叶剑新 《成都信息工程学院学报》2007,22(3):317-320

针对面向对象技术和关系数据库的特点,将两者相结合,探索一种将面向对象思想应用到关系数据库系统设计中的方法,并以图书管理系统为例,对方法的使用详细地进行了阐述.还就对象映射成关系数据库的方式进行了介绍.  相似文献   

位图拼接技术在批量图形处理中的应用     

刘厉  周家纪 《物探化探计算技术》2001,23(2):176-181

作者在文中介绍如何使用Windows位图拼接技术处理大批量的图形实现商业图片的包装，以及利用第三方类库ImageObject在VisualC 6.0中实现不同类型的图形文件的拼接。  相似文献   

Comparison between VELACS numerical ‘class A’ predictions and centrifuge experimental soil test results     

Radu Popescu  Jean H. Prevost 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1995,14(2)

The numerical ‘class A’ predictions performed within the framework of the VELACS Project are compared to the experimental results recorded in the centrifuge experiments. The comparisons are made in terms of: (1) the root mean square error of the predictions with respect to the mean of the experimental results; and (2) the size of a confidence interval centered at the predicted value which contains the estimated true value of the experimental results with a 75% probability. An assessment of the capability of various groups of constitutive soil models to predict excess pore pressures induced by dynamic loading is also presented.  相似文献   

超大型矿床的探寻与研究的若干进展   总被引：27，自引：3，他引：27  

涂光炽 《地学前缘》1994,(3)

本文主要讨论最近两年国内外探寻与研究超大型矿床所取得的若干进展。内容涉及：超大型矿床与类似名词定义、典型剖析、超大型矿床分类、矿化类型、全球背景研究等问题。在简要介绍国内外超大型矿床研究现状后，文中提出，结合我国矿产地质实际，宜以１９８７年国家储量委员会规定之大型矿床５倍储量为超大型矿床下限。超大型矿床可暂分三类：第一类之同类型大、中、小型矿分布甚广；第二类则反之，同类型矿床极罕见；第三类为过渡类型。笔者指出，不少有色金属在超大型矿床的矿化类型上有强烈选择性，即某一矿种虽可存在多种矿化类型，但一般仅一、二种类型可形成超大型矿床。提出这一点对寻找超大型矿床十分重要。文中举出若干实例，论证对某些超大型矿床进行全球背景研究之必要及超大型矿床研究可提高成矿理论水平。  相似文献