Large wood retention in river channels: the case of the Fiume Tagliamento,Italy     

A. M. Gurnell  G. E. Petts  N. Harris  J. V. Ward  K. Tockner  P. J. Edwards  J. Kollmann 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2000,25(3):255-275

After more than 300 years of widespread and intensive river management, few examples of complex, unmanaged river systems remain within Europe. An exception is the Fiume Tagliamento, Italy, which retains a riparian woodland margin and unconfined river channel system throughout almost the entire 170 km length of its river corridor. A research programme is underway focusing on a range of related aspects of the hydrology, fluvial geomorphology and ecology of the Tagliamento. This paper contributes to that programme by focusing on large wood retention. The paper adopts a simple force:resistance approach at the scale of the entire river corridor in order to identify reaches of the river with a high wood retention potential. Information on the character of the river corridor is derived from 1:10 000 scale topographic maps. A range of indices measured at 330 transects across the river corridor supports a classification of the geomorphological style of the river which reflects the presence and abundance of properties previously identified in the literature as large wood retention sites. This classification provides a qualitative representation of the ‘resistance’ of the corridor to wood movement and thus its overall wood‐retention potential. The map‐derived indices are also used to extrapolate estimates of the ten year return period flood to each of the 330 transects so that the downstream pattern of unit stream power can be quantified as an index representing ‘force’ in the analysis. Although input of wood is an important factor in many river systems, it is assumed not to be a limiting factor along the Tagliamento, where riparian woodland is abundant. Field observations of large wood storage illustrate that wood retention at eight sites along the river reflects the presence and abundance of the features incorporated in the classification of geomorphological style, including the complexity of the channel network, the availability of exposed gravel areas, and the presence of islands. In general at the time of survey in August 1998, open gravel areas were estimated to store approximately 1 t ha⁻¹ of wood in single‐thread reaches and 6 t ha⁻¹ in multiple‐thread reaches. Established islands were estimated to store an average of 80 t ha⁻¹ of wood. Nevertheless, there was considerable variability between sites, and pioneer islands, which are not represented on maps or readily identified from air photographs because of their small size, were estimated to store an order of magnitude more wood than established islands. Furthermore, the wood storage from this sample of eight sites did not reflect variability in estimated unit stream power. A series of areas for further research are identified, which can be explored using field data, and which will throw more light on the processes of wood retention in this extremely dynamic fluvial environment. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

大功率激电在铅锌矿勘查中的应用--以辽宁省岫岩县王家堡子铅锌多金属矿为例     

时彬 《吉林地质》2020,39(1):73-78

辽宁省岫岩县王家堡子铅锌多金属矿位于青城子-许屯铅锌矿带上,通过大功率激电测量查明工作区激电异常特征,综合地质、化探信息,笔者认为矿区侵入岩区带状极化率异常是铅锌矿的找矿标志,沉积岩中石墨矿化引起区域性高极化,根据激电剖面异常特征有利于区分矿与非矿。  相似文献   

新疆哈尔里克地区主要地层单元含矿性分析     

刘亮  张杰  李江涛  马运超  戴元  许涛 《中国地质调查》2020,7(3):45-54

哈尔里克成矿带属铜、金、钨、锡、钼、铁、锰、镍、钴多金属成矿有利地段。为进一步研究成矿带内各地层的含矿性,以天山哈密地区1:5万水系沉积物测量为基础,分析了17种元素及氧化物的特征参数、分布规律及演化特征,对7个地层单元的含矿性进行了分析。结果显示: 哈尔里克地区Au、Sb、Bi呈极不均匀分布(变异系数C_v≥1.5),As、Hg、W为不均匀分布(1.0≤C_v<1.5); 区内元素有对称、正偏、负偏和双峰4种分布类型。各地层单元元素及氧化物浓集系数均表现为波浪形曲折变化。铁族元素主要富集于大柳沟组和头苏泉组; 钨、钼族元素主要富集于头苏泉组; Au主要富集在大柳沟组、大南湖组; 综合分析认为Au、Cu、W、Bi、Fe、Mn、Zn为研究区优势矿种,主成矿元素为Au、Cu、Fe,最佳富集地质时代为奥陶纪,泥盆纪次之,奥陶系大柳沟组为主要含矿地层。  相似文献   

Power law or power flaw?     

Frank Pattyn  Wim Van Huele 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1998,23(8):761-767

Since its introduction by Svensson in 1959, the power law curve y = ax^b (where x and y are horizontal and vertical direction, respectively) has been widely used in morphological analysis of glacial trough cross-profiles. The numerical constants a and b are obtained by a linear regression analysis of the logarithmic form of the power law curve (ln y = ln a + b ln x). The value b then gives a measure for the form of the cross-section. However, over the years this form of the power law has endured a lot of criticism. This criticism is well founded, since this particular form of the power law is not suitable for curve fitting in morphological analyses. In this paper a general power law is proposed, of the form y − y₀ = a|x − x₀|^b (where x₀, y₀ are the coordinates of the origin of the cross-profile). A unique and unbiased solution for this equation is obtained with a general least-squares method, thereby minimizing the error between the cross-profile data and the curve, and not between the logarithmic transform of the data and its regression line. This provides a robust way to characterize trough cross-section forms. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

大地电磁法关于断裂分辨力的研究     

刘祖鉴  刘诗华  马一行  张博洋 《地质论评》2020,66(S1):59-61

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斜坡单元支持下基于土体含水率的陕西省清涧县城区黄土滑坡危险性评价          下载免费PDF全文

薛强  张茂省  高波 《中国地质》2020,47(6):1904-1914

滑坡危险性评价是减灾防灾的重要措施之一。通过野外调查,陕西省清涧县城区周边斜坡地带共发育滑坡138处,严重威胁县城安全。为了准确评价清涧县城区滑坡危险性,按照河流沟谷的发育情况和地形地貌的完整性,将清涧县城区及周边区域的斜坡地带共划分为925个斜坡单元,将斜坡单元按照不同的坡度、坡高和坡型分别进行不同土体含水率工况下的斜坡稳定性计算。计算结果表明,随着斜坡土体含水率的逐渐增加,城区内稳定斜坡的面积逐渐减少,不稳定斜坡的面积逐渐增大。依据陕北地区黄土斜坡土体含水率监测数据,分析计算土体含水率（w）的出现概率,w≤0.15出现的概率为0.622（概率很高）,0.15<w≤0.2出现的概率为0.2963（概率高）,0.2<w≤0.25出现的概率为0.0816（概率中）,w>0.25出现的概率为0（概率低）。结合斜坡稳定性计算结果和含水率出现概率,评价斜坡单元危险性。评价结果表明,清涧县城区危险性很高区面积3.27 km²,包含斜坡单元112个,已发生滑坡点92个;危险性高区面积4.19 km²,包含斜坡单元128个,已发生滑坡点36个;危险性中区面积8.75 km²,包含斜坡单元251个,已发生滑坡点6个;危险性低区面积15.20 km²,包含斜坡单元434个,已发生滑坡点4个。  相似文献   

一种基于滨海核电站海上γ辐射剂量率的智能化自动监测系统研究与设计          下载免费PDF全文

刘占阳  胡澄  孙雪峰  张启明  陈谦  杨立涛  贺一凡 《应用海洋学学报》2020,39(2):273-278

基于滨海核电站海上γ辐射剂量率的智能化自动监测系统是一种无人值守的辐射监测装备,可全天候、长时间、在线组网、连续自动测量水面和空气中的γ剂量率、获取水中γ能谱数据并进行核素识别和计算活度浓度,并实时地将监测数据通过无线通信链路和北斗短报文两种形式上传至地面数据服务中心。在非事故情况下,该系统是对核电厂监督性监测系统的重要补充和完善;在发生重大核安全事故或放射性物质泄漏的情况下,能够有效解决传统的派船巡测时方法不标准、数据不及时不连续、人员受照风险大、船只易受污染和行动代价高等问题;在恶劣的极端气象条件下,无人值守的自动监测系统能够为核电站提供实时有效的水体和空气中的γ剂量率、气象、海水温度等监测数据,有效地提升了核电站在极端气象条件下的监测能力,对滨海核电站整体的安全性和可靠性具有一定积极意义。  相似文献   

约束Delaunay三角剖分的“岛屿”类图斑符号填充     

毛文山  刘涛  杜萍 《测绘通报》2020,(6):32

针对传统方法对“岛屿”类图斑进行符号填充会造成敏感区域符号布局不合理或符号空间冲突的问题,本文提出了一种约束Delaunay三角剖分的“岛屿”类图斑符号填充方法。首先,对“岛屿”类图斑对应的离散点群进行规则网格化和不规则三角剖分,用于计算等值点;然后,依据附加准则增加“凸”形和“凹”形附加点,顺次连接等值点和附加点作为Delaunay三角剖分的约束边界;最后,构建均匀变化的约束Delaunay三角网,在三角网内进行图元积分,填充“岛屿”类图斑符号。利用电子海图中岛屿边界点数据进行试验分析,与传统方法相比,本文方法填充的“岛屿”类图斑符号变化均匀,交互性较强,便于用户修改和切换,进行二次填充。试验结果表明,本文方法适用于“岛屿”类图斑的符号填充。  相似文献   

Savonius型桨叶水动力特性研究     

吴映江  宋瑞银  郑堤  吴烨卿  陈炫光 《海洋工程》2020,38(2):143-150

Savonius桨叶是一种典型的垂直轴阻力型桨叶,在风力发电中广泛应用。这种桨叶具有在多风向作用下单向转动的特性。利用该特性,将其应用于捕获水质点运动方向发生周期性或非周期性改变的波浪能的相关研究。采用Fluent数值仿真软件并基于UDF二次开发技术建立桨叶三维数值模型,分析叶片重叠率、相对入水深度和开口率等参数对桨叶动转矩和功率等水动力特性的影响,搭建实验平台,开展物理模型对照试验。研究结果表明:叶片重叠率有助于减小S型桨叶负转矩;当桨叶在水面上高度与波幅相等时,其功率系数达到最大;在叶片上增加弹片阀开口,可以增大桨叶动转矩系数,当开口面积达到一半时,动转矩系数比未开口桨叶提高28.3%。  相似文献   

海上风机吸力基础的水平受荷研究综述     

李大勇  陈庆剑  张雨坤  陈福全 《海洋工程》2020,38(4):137-147

吸力基础具有施工速度快、安装过程中受海况天气影响小且易于回收重复利用等优点,被广泛应用于海洋工程。当吸力基础作为海上风电塔架的基础时,常常承受较大的水平荷载,因此其水平承载力是设计的主控因素。介绍了海上风机基础的设计要求,分析了影响基础水平承载性状的因素,总结了吸力基础受水平单调荷载、水平循环荷载和不同荷载组合三个方面的研究现状。讨论了水平荷载的大小、水平加载的高度(偏心率)、循环荷载的频率、循环荷载的次数、循环荷载的幅值、循环荷载的方向性、竖向荷载对吸力基础水平承载性状的影响,考虑了水平荷载的非共线性,指出了目前研究的不足,明确了吸力基础水平承载性状进一步研究的方向,提出了供工程实践参考的建议。  相似文献