Imag(in)ing the continental lithosphere   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alan Levander  Fenglin Niu  Cin-Ty A. Lee  Xin Cheng 《Tectonophysics》2006,416(1-4):167

This paper is primarily concerned with seismically imaging details in the mantle at an intermediate scale length between the large scales of regional and global tomography and the small scales of reflection profiles and outcrops. This range is roughly 0.1–1 km < a < 10–10² km, where a is the scale. We consider the implications of several models for mantle evolution in a convecting mantle, and possible scales present in the non-convecting tectosphere. Reflection seismic evidence shows that the structures preserved from continental accretion within and at the margins of the Archean cratons are subduction related, and we use subduction as an analog for scales left by past events. In modern orogenic belts we expect to find subduction structures, small scale upper mantle convection structures, and basalt extraction structures. We examine some of the scales that are likely formed by orogenic processes.We also examine the seismic velocity and density contrasts expected between various upper mantle constituents, including fertile upper mantle, depleted upper mantle, normal and eclogitized oceanic crust, and fertile mantle with and without partial melt. This leads directly to predicting the size of seismic signals that can be produced by specular conversion, and scattering from layers and objects with these contrasts.We introduce an imaging scheme that makes use of scattered waves in teleseismic receiver functions to make a depth migrated image of a pseudo-scattering coefficient. Image resolution is theoretically at least an order of magnitude better than traveltime tomography. We apply the imaging scheme to three data sets from 1) the Kaapvaal craton, 2) the Cheyenne Belt, a Paleoproterozoic suture between a protocontinent and an island arc, and 3) the Jemez Lineament, a series of aligned modern volcanic structures at the site of a Proterozoic suture zone. The Kaapvaal image, although not defining a unique base of the tectosphere, shows complicated “layered” events in the region defined as the base of the tectosphere in tomography images. The image of the transition zone discontinuities beneath the Kaapvaal craton is remarkable for clarity. The migrated receiver function image of the upper mantle beneath the Cheyenne belt is complicated, more so than the tomography image, and may indicate limitations in the receiver function imaging system. In contrast the Jemez Lineament image shows large-amplitude negative-polarity layered events beneath the Moho to depths of 120 km, that we interpret as melt-containing sills in the upper mantle. These sills presumably feed the Quaternary–Neogene regional basaltic volcanic field.  相似文献   

浙江省空气质量与大气自净能力的特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郁珍艳  李正泉  高大伟  王阔 《气象》2017,43(3):323-332

利用最新的高时空分辨率ERA-Interim探空和地面资料,计算分析了1979—2015年浙江省大气输送和自净能力的时空分布变化特征,结合环保局空气质量监测数据探讨了浙江省空气质量与大气自净能力的关系,结果表明:大气自净能力在春、夏季表现出沿海地区小,内陆地区大的分布;到了秋、冬季,沿海地区大气自净能力增大,内陆地区则减小;研究时段内全省平均大气自净能力有增大趋势。表征低层输送能力的10 m风速在秋、冬季最大,夏季最小,随时间略有减小,这是浙江省空气污染加剧的可能原因之一;10 m风速的分布基本呈从东部沿海地区往西部山区逐渐减小的变化趋势,秋、冬季风速略大,以偏北风为主。浙江省大部分地区冬季大气自净能力最差,盛行的偏北风又容易将北方污染物带下来,因此冬季是浙江省最易发生空气污染的时段。当风速较小,风向转为偏西北风时,污染物从北方输入并且积累,最易出现较严重的污染天气。中度及以上的空气污染主要发生在杭嘉湖、宁波、绍兴、金华这些经济发达的地区,沿海地区的舟山、温州、台州由于大气输送条件好发生站次很少。丽水和衢州山区海拔高,加之本地工业经济发展较弱,空气污染发生的频次较少。  相似文献   

关中平原明代霜雪灾害特征及小波分析研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

赵景波  邢闪  周旗 《地理科学》2012,(1):81-86

通过对关中平原明代历史文献资料的搜集和统计分析,研究了该区明代霜雪灾害等级、阶段与灾害发生周期等。结果表明,关中平原明代霜雪灾害可划分为轻度、中度、重度三级,各占总灾害频次的23%,54%,23%。该区明代霜雪灾害可划分为4个阶段,第1阶段(1368～1448年)和第3阶段(1508～1568年)为灾害少发期,第2阶段(1449～1507年)和第4阶段(1569～1644年)为灾害多发生期。小波分析显示,关中平原明代轻度、中度和重度霜雪灾害分别存在11 a、8 a、44 a的周期变化。初步确定关中平原明代1618～1631年发生了1次寒冷气候事件。  相似文献   

季节性积雪区不同遮挡条件下深霜发育比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

洪雯  魏文寿  刘明哲  陆恒  韩茜 《地理科学》2012,(8):979-985

以中国科学院天山积雪雪崩研究站为研究区,在2009～2010年冬季观测期利用体视显微镜(XTZ-E)及拍照设备和雪特性分析仪(Snow Fork),对3种遮挡条件的开阔地(0遮挡)、树缘(50%遮挡)和树下(90%遮挡)的积雪深霜进行连续观测,比较和分析西北季节性积雪区不同遮挡条件下的深霜发育特征。研究表明:1)深霜发育主要受温度制约,其次是温度梯度。由不同遮挡条件引起积雪累积和太阳辐射差异而导致雪深不同,从而形成的温度环境差异,是深霜发育差异的根本原因。2)深霜发育厚度与雪深呈正相关关系,有开阔地(0遮挡)>树缘(50%遮挡)>树下(90%遮挡),融雪期深霜的消减速率为树下>开阔地>树缘。3)深霜冰晶粒径呈先减小(稳定累积期-过渡期)再增大(-融雪期)的变化,积雪稳定累积期后,深霜粒径开阔地>树缘>树下。4)2009～2010年冬季雪深大,因而圆角深霜(DHxr)和圆角刻面冰晶(FCxr)在深霜中发育最多,二者共占70%～80%。开阔地易发育杯型深霜(DHcp),树缘和树下则易发育柱状条纹深霜(DHla)、棱柱状深霜(DHpr)和刻面冰晶(FCso)。深霜中胶结态冰晶约占10%～30%,其比例在开阔地深霜中递减,而在树缘和树下处递增。  相似文献   

Investigation of water signatures at gully-exposed sites on Mars by hyperspectral image analysis     

Chaojun Fan  Dirk Schulze-Makuch 《Planetary and Space Science》2009,57(1):93-104

High-resolution images from the Mars Obiter Camera (MOC) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) show a variety of gully features on sloped surfaces of Mars. The mechanism of gully formation is still under debate, although a majority of studies tend to favor a mechanism related to liquid water flow based on geomorphology and fluid mechanics considerations. In this study, we examined four known gully sites using Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer (OMEGA) imagery. In particular, we analyzed the absorption depths of the water-associated absorption bands and concluded that there are stronger water signatures at the gully-exposed sites than in the surrounding areas. This implies that the water signatures, most likely representing water ice, isolated water molecules, and/or hydroxyl molecules incorporated into minerals, are still present in the shallow unconsolidated soils. This study provides additional evidence that water was likely involved in the formation of the gully features and is still locally active on the Martian surface in the present time.  相似文献   

Lidar depolarization measurements for aerosol source and property studies over Chungli (24.58° N, 121.1° E)     

C.W. Chiang  S.K. Das  J.B. Nee 《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(2-4):203-ICNAA07

Aerosol depolarization ratio and aerosol optical depth (AOD) were measured at Chungli (24.58° N, 121.1° E), Taiwan during the period from 2002–2004. The depolarization ratios of background aerosol have values mostly less than 0.06. The maximum AOD in the altitude range of 0.7 to 2km occurs in the summer (June–August) while between 2 and 5km, the spring (March–May) shows the maximum. The former is mainly related to strong convection and humidity; however the latter is due to anthropogenic aerosols transported from East China and Southeast Asia based on calculations of backward trajectories. This seasonal variation of AOD inferred from different transport mechanisms and aerosol compositions which are supported by the height distributions of aerosol extinction and origins.  相似文献   

The Unprecedented Freezing Disaster in January 2008 in Southern China and Its Possible Association with the Global Warming   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

DING Yihui  WANG Zuny  SONG Yafang  ZHANG Jin 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2008,22(4):538-558

The unprecedented disaster of low temperature and persistent rain, snow, and ice storms, causing widespread freezing in the Yangtze River Basin and southern China in January 2008, is not a local or regional event, but a part of the chain events of large-scale low temperature and snow storms in the same period in Asia. The severity and impacts of the southern China 2008 freezing disaster were the most significant among others. This disastrous event was characterized by three major features： （1） snowfall, freezing rain, and rainfall, the three forms of precipitation, coexisted with freezing rain being the dominant producer responsible for the disaster; （2） low temperature, rain and snow, and freezing rain exhibited extremely great intensity, with record-breaking measurements observed for eight meteorological variables based on the statistics made by China National Climate Center and the provincial meteorological services in the Yangtze River Basin and southern China; （3） the disastrous weathers persisted for an exceptionally long time period, unrecorded before in the meteorological observation history of China.
The southern China 2008 freezing disaster may be resulted from multiple different factors that superimpose on and interlink with one another at the right time and place. Among them, the La Nina situation is a climate background that provided conducive conditions for the intrusions of cold air into southern China; the persistent anomaly of the atmospheric circulation in Eurasia is the direct cause for a succession of cold air incursions into southern China; and the northward transport of warm and moist airflows from the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea finally warranted the formation of the freezing rain and snow storms and their prolonged dominance in the southern areas of China.
A preliminary discussion of a possible association of this disastrous event with the global warming is presented. This event may be viewed as a short-term regional perturbation to the global warming. There is no  相似文献   

2008年初冰雪灾害和华南准静止锋   总被引：15，自引：5，他引：10  

陶祖钰  郑永光  张小玲 《气象学报》2008,66(5):850-854

2008年1月中、下旬中国南方广大地区受到低温雨雪冰冻的极端异常气象灾害(简称"0801冰雪灾害").其降水性质属于隆冬季节华南准静止锋产生的持续性降水.以1月28日的锋面为例,用经典天气学分析方法从等压面图、垂直剖面图和单站探空曲线,讨论了华南准静止锋的三维空间配合.  相似文献   

青海地区常规观测积雪资料对比及积雪变化趋势研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

雷俊  方之芳 《高原气象》2008,27(1):58-67

应用青海44个台站1962—2005年逐月积雪深度和积雪日数资料,对比了这两份常规积雪资料在表征青海地区积雪变化特征上的一致性,并对近十几年来的积雪变化新趋势做了分析。结果表明:积雪深度和积雪日数均能比较一致地反映整个青海地区积雪变化趋势:夏、秋季积雪从20世纪60年代至21世纪初为一致的减少趋势;冬、春季积雪在20世纪60年代至90年代初增加,而从20世纪90年代中期至21世纪初积雪呈显著减少趋势。后期的减少趋势远比前期的增加趋势明显。青海地区不同季节积雪深度和积雪日数趋势变化明显的区域基本一致,但中心位置存在一定的差异。冬季在32.5°~35°N,95°~102°E范围内的唐古拉山、巴颜喀拉山和阿尼玛卿山区,春季在青海东南部阿尼玛卿山区附近,均明显地表现出20世纪90年代中期以后积雪的减少和前期积雪的增加。不同季节积雪深度和积雪日数的相关系数分布存在一定差异:冬季两份资料相关相对较小的区域位于青海中南部巴颜喀拉山西区至阿尼玛卿山西区一线;春季相关系数小于冬季,青海东北边缘以及东南边缘地区,相关系数未能通过95%信度检验;夏、秋季积雪较少,相关较小的区域集中在青海东南部地区。而上述区域大多为各个季节积雪较多的地区,应慎重使用该区域的常规积雪资料。综合分析两份积雪资料,确定青海地区冬季多雪年为1964,1975,1993,1995和1998年,少雪年为1963,1965,1969,1997和2003年;春季多雪年是1977,1982,1987,1989和1990年,少雪年是1969,1979,1985,1999和2001年。  相似文献   

2008年低温雨雪天气扰动能量的积累和传播   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

葛非  肖天贵  金荣花  陈伟斌  唐玮玮 《气象》2008,34(12):11-20

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过波包传播的诊断方法,对2008年1月我国南方地区大范围低温雨雪天气期间波包传播和积累进行了分析与研究.分析表明,中低层500hPa和700hPa高度场的波包传播特征能够较好地反映期间出现的4次低温雨雪天气过程.4次雨雪过程基本上产生于波包扰动能量积累的高值时段或处于低压系统持续稳定阶段,雨雪天气处于波包大值区控制下.波包值的经向和纬向传播特征表明2008年1月我国南方地区持续低温雨雪天气过程,主要受到青藏高原南缘系统异常活跃的影响,南支槽活动频繁有利于来自印度洋和孟加拉湾的暖湿气流沿云贵高原不断向我国输送,继而为我国长江中下游以及其南部地区低温雨雪天气提供了充足的水汽来源.偏北路径的冷空气,副高西南侧偏东气流的扰动能量的传播和积累,在波包传播图上都有一定的反映.该研究对进一步利用波包传播图预报天气过程提供了有意义的一种思路.  相似文献