137Cs技术定量侵蚀速率常用模型及其讨论   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

郑永春  王世杰 《山地学报》2002,20(5):600-605

土壤侵蚀将导致严重的土地退化和其它环境危害，侵蚀危害的评估需要关于侵蚀速率和侵蚀的时空分布模式的大量信息。^137Cs具有独特的输入来源和地球化学性质，使其它为研究自^137Cs首次沉降以来约30年的平均土壤侵蚀速率的最优示踪剂。比例模型、简化的质量平衡模型、基于^137Cs地表富集的质量平衡模型、剖面分布模型是近年来常用的几种模型，各有其优势和局限性。这些模型都是在一些假设的基础上推导出来的，这些假设是否成立需要理论论证和实验验证，文章对多数定量模型所含的假设条件进行讨论。  相似文献   

用天然斜发沸石从西藏地热水中分离提取K+,Rb+,Cs+的研究          下载免费PDF全文

王雪静  高世扬  周建国  卢雁 《盐湖研究》2002,10(3):31-37

根据天然斜发沸石对K+、Rb+、Cs+等无机离子的交换性能 ,研究采用天然斜发沸石从西藏地热水中提取分离K+、Rb+、Cs+的可行性。  相似文献   

Sedimentary response of Pagham Harbour, southern England to barrier breaching in AD 1910     

A. B. Cundy  A. J. Long  C. T. Hill  C. Spencer  I. W. Croudace 《Geomorphology》2002,46(3-4)

This paper examines the evolution of Pagham Harbour, southern England following storm-induced breaching of a protective barrier in AD 1910. Stratigraphic studies of sediments collected from intertidal areas show the presence of a distinct stratigraphic horizon in the northeast of Pagham Harbour at ca. 0 to +1.0 m ordnance datum (OD). Radiometric data indicate that this horizon is a ‘reclamation surface’ formed after land claim in AD 1846. Following marine flooding in AD 1910, sediment has accreted relatively rapidly (at a broadly constant rate of between 4 and 8 mm a⁻¹), wave and/or tidal energy have decreased and extensive marshes have developed. An asymptotic reduction in sediment accretion rate through time, as predicted in various theoretical models of salt marsh accretion, is not observed. Over the entire Pagham Harbour area, the period between AD 1948 and AD 1986 has seen an average marsh loss of 0.0087 km² a⁻¹, which is relatively small in comparison with other more exposed sites in the local area. Historically breached sites such as Pagham Harbour are common around European coasts, and these provide important natural laboratories within which the medium-term (decadal to centennial) coastal response to barrier breaching, and to managed-realignment coastal protection schemes, can be assessed.  相似文献   

江苏圆陀角附近潮滩沉积岩芯粒度变化及其环境意义   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

张振克  李彦明  孟红明  王万芳  何华春  蒋松柳 《第四纪研究》2008,28(4):690-694

江苏圆陀角位于长江北支岸线与江苏海岸线的交汇处,发育了粉砂淤泥质海岸典型潮滩地貌,潮滩岩芯沉积物粒度变化记录了潮滩环境变化的信息。2007年在圆陀角附近潮滩采集了192cm长的柱状岩芯,对沉积物的粒度组成进行了分析,分析结果显示,砂质粉砂是主要的沉积类型,岩芯分为三部分,从下部向上,粗颗粒沉积组分减少,反映了采样点附近潮滩环境由潮滩中部向上部转化的过程。根据岩芯沉积物¹³⁷Cs的1963年和1986年两个蓄积峰值时标推算,1963年以来的平均沉积速率为2.3cm/a,1986年以来的平均沉积速率为1.6cm/a,1963～1986年之间的平均沉积速率达到2.9cm/a。沉积速率变化表明20世纪60年代以来伴随潮滩淤积增高,圆陀角附近潮滩沉积物的沉积速率下降,大体与辐射沙洲南翼淤积型潮滩淤积速率一致,小于长江口外的泥沙沉积速率。泥沙来源主要是苏北沿岸流携带的部分泥沙在圆陀角附近沉积,伴随研究区围垦活动向海推进,在长江北支口门北侧形成了大片的泥质潮滩和水下沙嘴。  相似文献   

1500 years of lake sedimentation due to fire,earthquakes, floods and land clearance in the Oregon Coast Range: geomorphic sensitivity to floods during timber harvest period          下载免费PDF全文

K.N.D. Richardson  J.A. Hatten  R.A. Wheatcroft 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(7):1496-1517

Sediment cores retrieved from landslide‐dammed Loon Lake recorded events back to the 5th century AD in a forested, mountainous catchment, thereby providing an opportunity to compare the impacts of known recent perturbations, including floods and timber harvesting with those of an early period in the cores, floods, fires, and earthquakes. High‐resolution multi‐parameter (grain size, %TC, %TN, and magnetic susceptibility) data allowed the core stratigraphy to be classified as background sedimentation and events. ¹³⁷Cs and radiocarbon dating, as well as a varved record in the last 75 years provided age control. Mean mass accumulation rate from 1939 to 1978 AD, the time of peak timber harvest and a cool wet phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, was 0.79 (0.74–0.92, 95% C.L.) g cm^‐2 y^‐1, significantly higher than mean rates of both the more recent contemporary period (coincident with the passing of the legislation that regulated harvesting practices in the region), 1979–2012 AD, at 0.58 (0.48‐0.70) and the entire early period, 0.44 (0.41–0.46). Several event deposits are coeval with independently estimated ages of eight Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes in the early period, including the 1700 AD Mw 9.0 event. These deposits are predominantly formed by hyperpycnal flows, as are the known event deposits in the contemporary period. The high mass accumulation rate and greater frequency of thick event deposits during the early contemporary period point to the extraordinary role of timber harvesting in priming the landscape for subsequent sedimentary delivery during floods. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

太湖丘陵地区典型坡面土壤侵蚀与养分流失   总被引：20，自引：1，他引：19  

曹慧  杨浩  赵其国 《湖泊科学》2002,14(3):242-246

建立了基于137Cs技术的土壤侵蚀的定量模型,采用有关土壤养分流失方程,对太湖地区典型坡面的土壤侵蚀和土壤养分流失进行初步估算.结果表明,研究地区的典型坡面存在着一定的土壤侵蚀,林地各个剖面点的土壤侵蚀模数平均为1313.6 t/(km2 @a),而菜地所在的微地貌部位土壤侵蚀更达5185.68 t/(km2 @a).土壤侵蚀主要受植被覆盖和人为耕作的影响,侵蚀量的大小排序为坡麓菜地>坡中马尾松林地>竹林地>坡顶马尾松林地.选择的典型坡面存在着一定的土壤养分流失,林地有机质、全氮、全磷与全钾的平均流失量亦分别高达28.29,1.38,0.35和16.76 t/(km2 @a),养分流失量大的地貌部位的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量低,而土壤侵蚀微弱的坡顶林地土壤养分含量较高.菜地土壤养分流失量最大,但由于施肥作用,土壤养分含最高.太湖丘陵地区的土壤侵蚀与养分流失不仅关系到本地区土壤肥力的退化,并对太湖水体环境质量的产生影响.  相似文献   

40年来江苏石梁河水库重金属污染的沉积记录   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

田海涛  张振克  丁海燕  李彦明  孟红明 《湖泊科学》2008,20(5):600-604

根据石梁河水库沉积物粒度和重金属元素(Cu,Cr,Zn,As和Pb)含量的分析,结合137Cs放射性比活度精确定年,研究了石梁河水库沉积速率和重金属的污染变化特征,并利用地累积指数法评价了重金属的污染程度.结果表明:石梁河水库 40年来平均淤积速率为3.85cm/a,Cu,Cr和zn地累积指数一直小于1,处于轻微污染;As污染水平变化较大.现处于低水平的轻度污染;Pb污染水平自柱底始持续恶化,目前地累积指数大于1,且有污染加剧趋势.  相似文献   

结合粒度和¹³⁷Cs对小流域水库沉积物的定年——以黔中喀斯特地区克酬水库为例   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王文博  蔡运龙  王红亚 《湖泊科学》2008,20(3):306-314

对取自黔中喀斯特地区克酬水库32cm长沉积物柱样进行^137Cs比活度以及粒度测定,结合气象站点降雨数据进行比对分析,对沉积物不同层位的年代进行了划分,并以此结合质量深度推算了1960-2004年间该水库的沉积速率。结合实例分析了^137Cs沉降、运移和沉积,改进了仅依靠^137Cs峰值定年方法,认为在流域面积较小、^137Cs比活度测试绝对数值较小的流域,降水和其他条件造成的土壤侵蚀程度差异可能是造成土壤中^137Cs进入湖泊沉积物多少的更主要原因,并表现为沉积物中^137Cs不同层位的差异。  相似文献   

Hillslope and point based soil erosion – an evaluation of a Landscape Evolution Model     

G.R. Hancock  T. Wells  C. Dever  M. Braggins 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(5):1163-1177

Excessive soil erosion and deposition is recognised as a significant land degradation issue. Quantifying soil erosion and deposition is a non-trivial task. One of these methods has been the mathematical modelling of soil erosion and deposition patterns and the processes that drive them. Here we examine the capability of a landscape evolution model to predict both soil erosion rate and pattern of erosion and deposition. This numerical model (SIBERIA) uses a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to represent the landscape and calculates erosion and deposition at each grid point in the DEM. To assess field soil redistribution rates (SRR) and patterns the distribution of the environmental tracer ¹³⁷Cs has been analysed. Net hill slope SRR predicted by SIBERIA (a soil loss rate of 1.7 to 4.3 t ha^-1 yr^-1) were found to be in good agreement with ¹³⁷Cs based estimates (2.1 – 3.4 t ha^-1 yr^-1) providing confidence in the predictive ability of the model at the hillslope scale. However some differences in predicted erosion/deposition patterns were noted due to historical changes in landscape form (i.e. the addition of a contour bank) and possible causes discussed, as is the finding that soil erosion rates are an order of magnitude higher than likely soil production rates. The finding that SIBERIA can approximate independently quantified erosion and deposition patterns and rates is encouraging, providing confidence in the employment of DEM based models to quantify hillslope erosion rates and demonstrating the potential to upscale for the prediction of whole catchment erosion and deposition. The findings of this study suggest that LEMs can be a reliable alternative to complex and time consuming methods such as that using environmental tracers for the determination of erosion rates. The model and approach demonstrates a new approach to assessing soil erosion that can be employed elsewhere. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Using sediment ‘fingerprints’ to assess sediment-budget errors,North Halawa Valley,Oahu, Hawaii, 1991–92     

Barry R. Hill  Eric H. DeCarlo  Christopher C. Fuller  Michael F. Wong 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1998,23(6):493-508

Reliable estimates of sediment-budget errors are important for interpreting sediment-budget results. Sediment-budget errors are commonly considered equal to sediment-budget imbalances, which may underestimate actual sediment-budget errors if they include compensating positive and negative errors. We modified the sediment ‘fingerprinting’ approach to qualitatively evaluate compensating errors in an annual (1991) fine (<63 μm) sediment budget for the North Halawa Valley, a mountainous, forested drainage basin on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, during construction of a major highway. We measured concentrations of aeolian quartz and ¹³⁷Cs in sediment sources and fluvial sediments, and combined concentrations of these aerosols with the sediment budget to construct aerosol budgets. Aerosol concentrations were independent of the sediment budget, hence aerosol budgets were less likely than sediment budgets to include compensating errors. Differences between sediment-budget and aerosol-budget imbalances therefore provide a measure of compensating errors in the sediment budget. The sediment-budget imbalance equalled 25 per cent of the fluvial fine-sediment load. Aerosol-budget imbalances were equal to 19 per cent of the fluvial ¹³⁷Cs load and 34 per cent of the fluvial quartz load. The reasonably close agreement between sediment- and aerosol-budget imbalances indicates that compensating errors in the sediment budget were not large and that the sediment-budget imbalance is a reliable measure of sediment-budget error. We attribute at least one-third of the 1991 fluvial fine-sediment load to highway construction. Continued monitoring indicated that highway construction produced 90 per cent of the fluvial fine-sediment load during 1992. Erosion of channel margins and attrition of coarse particles provided most of the fine sediment produced by natural processes. Hillslope processes contributed relatively minor amounts of sediment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献