Disequilibria between ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in surface waters of the southern South China Sea and their implications   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yang Weifeng  Huang Yipu  Chen Min  Zhang Lei  Li Hongbin  Liu Guangshan  Qiu Yusheng 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(1):103-112

Activities of the naturally occurring radionuclides, ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po, were measured in both dissolved (<0.45 μm) and particulate (>0.45 μm) phases from surface waters of the southern South China Sea. The average activity of particulate ²¹⁰Pb, 0.23 Bq/m³ (n=23), accounted for about 12% of the total ²¹⁰Pb, which corresponds with values of open oceans. Particulate ²¹⁰Po, with an average activity of 0.43 Bq/m³, accounted for about 40% of the total ²¹⁰Po, which was much higher than those of open and eutrophic oceans. The residence times of total ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in surface waters estimated from an irreversible steady-state model were 0.82 a and 1.16 a, respectively. The consistently high fractionation factor calculated either by scavenging rate constants (5.42) or K_d values (6.69) suggested that a significant fractionation occurred between ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb during their removal from solution to particles and that the two radionuclides had different biogeochemical cycling pathways in the oligotrophic South China Sea. Furthermore, our results indicated that there exist different fractionation mechanisms between ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in different marine environments: in eutrophic ocean, plankton detritus and fecal pellets are the main carrier of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb, by which ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb have been scavenged and removed; while in oligotrophic ocean, microbes could become the main carrier of ²¹⁰Po and fractionate ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb significantly as a result of scarce plankton detritus and fecal pellets. These results suggest the use of ²¹⁰Po to trace marine biogeochemical processes relating to microbial activities and the cycling of sulfur group elements (S, Se, Te and Po).  相似文献   

南沙海域表层水中²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb不平衡及其海洋学意义     

杨伟锋  黄奕普  陈敏  张磊  李鸿宾  刘广山  邱雨生 《中国科学D辑》2006,36(1):81-89

对南沙海域表层水中溶解态(<0.45 mm)和颗粒态(>0.45 mm)²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb进行了研究. 结果表明, 南沙海域表层水中溶解态和颗粒态²¹⁰Po平均比活度分别为0.61 Bq/m³(n = 24)和0.43 Bq/m³ (n = 23). 溶解态和颗粒态²¹⁰Pb 平均比活度分别为1.66 Bq/m³ (n = 24)和0.23 Bq/m³(n = 23). 颗粒态²¹⁰Pb比活度约占总²¹⁰Pb比活度的12%, 与开阔大洋相应值吻合; 而颗粒态²¹⁰Po占总²¹⁰Po的比例约40%, 明显高于开阔大洋和富营养海域. 根据稳态不可逆模型得到总²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb的停留时间分别为0.82 和1.16 a. 清除过程中²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb的平均分馏因子由清除速率常数法和固-液分配系数法计算分别为5.42和6.69, 揭示了²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb从溶解相清除至颗粒相的过程中发生了明显的分馏. 进一步的研究证明了南沙海域²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb的分馏主要由微生物控制, 与富营养海域的分馏机制不同: 在富营养海域, 浮游植物颗粒和粪粒充当²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb清除和迁出过程的主要载体, ²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb的分馏主要发生于浮游植物颗粒和粪粒对两核素的清除过程; 在寡营养南沙海域, 由于浮游植物颗粒和粪粒的相对贫乏, 使微生物对²¹⁰Po的清除作用相对突出, 并在此过程中使²¹⁰Po和²¹⁰Pb产生明显的分馏效应. 这与寡营养的马尾藻海的研究结果极为相似, 进一步证实寡营养海域和富营养海域²¹⁰Po生物地球化学行为和循环路径的差异. 这表明²¹⁰Po可能是研究与微生物有关的海洋学过程, 尤其是研究硫族元素(S, Se, Te和Po)生物地球化学循环的有用示踪剂.  相似文献   

砂岩型铀矿氡及其子体测量异常特征     

刘艳阳  刘庆成  张志勇 《华东地质学院学报》2006,29(4):314-318

氡及其子体测量用于寻找砂岩型铀矿床上能够形成清晰的异常,但氡及其子体测量方法较多且各具有不同的特点。总结几种常用的氡及其子体测量方法在砂岩型铀矿上的异常特征,并进行比较分析,结果表明铀矿体所在部位大都具有明显的负异常特征,而矿体的头、尾部多呈正异常,其中累积测量比瞬时测量的异常特征更加明显,对应钻孔的位置更好。  相似文献   

210Po法在铀矿勘探中的应用效果     

曹晓满 《铀矿地质》2006,22(3):177-181

通过对210Po法的工作原理、野外工作方法、室内化学处理过程、资料整理与成果解释的详细描述和对应用实例的比较与分析研究,认为210Po法不仅在南方铀矿勘探中具有可靠的适用性,在北方砂岩型铀矿勘探中也能有效地发挥作用。  相似文献   

Nitrate in the atmospheric boundary layer of the tropical South Pacific: Implications regarding sources and transport     

Dennis L. Savoie  Joseph M. Prospero  John T. Merrill  Mitsuo Uematsu 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,8(4):391-415

Weekly bulk aerosol samples collected at Funafuti, Tuvalu (8°30S, 179°12E), American Samoa (14°15S, 170°35W), and Rarotonga (21°15S, 159°45W), from 1983 through most of 1987 have been analyzed for nitrate and other constituents. The mean nitrate concentration is about 0.11 g m^–3 at each of these stations: 0.107±0.011 g m^–3 at Funafuti; 0.116±0.008 at American Samoa; and 0.117±0.010 at Rarotonga. Previous measurements of mineral aerosol and trace metal concentrations at American Samoa are among the lowest ever recorded for the near-surface troposphere and indicate that this region is minimally affected by transport of soil material and pollutants from the continents. Consequently, the nitrate concentration of 0.11 g m^–3 can be regarded as the natural level for the remote marine boundary layer of the tropical South Pacific Ocean. In contrast, over the tropical North Pacific which is significantly impacted by the transport of material from Asia and North America, the mean nitrate concentrations are about three times higher, 0.29 and 0.36 g m^–3 at Midway and Oahu, respectively. The major sources of the nitrate over the tropical South Pacific are still very uncertain. A very significant correlation between the nitrate concentrations at American Samoa and the concentrations of ²¹⁰Pb suggests that transport from continental sources might be important. This continental source could be lightning, which occurs most frequently over the tropical continents. A near-zero correlation with ⁷Be indicates that the stratosphere and upper troposphere are probably not the major sources. A significant biogenic source would be consistent with the higher mean nitrate concentrations, 0.16 to 0.17 g m^–3, found over the equatorial Pacific at Fanning Island (3°55N, 159°20W) and Nauru (0°32S, 166°57E). The lack of correlation between nitrate and nss sulfate at American Samoa does not necessarily preclude an important role for marine biogenic sources.  相似文献   

The transport and mass balance of fallout radionuclides in Blelham Tarn, Cumbria (UK)     

P.G. Appleby  E.Y. Haworth  H. Michel  D.B. Short  G. Laptev  G.T. Piliposian 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2003,29(4):459-473

Although lake sediment archives are widely used for reconstructing historical records of atmospherically delivered pollutants, the quantitative relationship between fallout levels and their record in the sediments is complex and not well known. The original input signal from the atmosphere can be significantly distorted by mediating transport processes in the catchment, through the water column and within the sediments themselves. Since these processes also affect the fallout radionuclide ²¹⁰Pb commonly used to date sediments, a better understanding of their impact is also important to improving the accuracy and reliability of sediment dating. Blelham Tarn has been the subject of a number of palaeolimnological investigations using radiometric dating techniques since the early 1970s. More recently it was the site of a major study carried out within the EU Transuranics project concerning the long-term fate of fallout radionuclides in catchment/lake systems. This paper reviews the radiometric data from this study and uses the results to determine mass balances for fallout ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs and ^239+240Pu in Blelham Tarn, and their spatial distribution over the bed of the lake. Atmospheric fluxes were determined by measuring concentrations in rainwater and cumulative inventories in soil cores from non-eroding sites. Sediment records in a grid of 16 cores were used to determine the spatial distribution over the bed of the lake, and net inputs from the catchment. Mass balance calculations indicate that c. 47% of ²¹⁰Pb in the sediments derives from erosive inputs from the catchment. For ^239+240Pu the figure rises to 61%. Reduced amounts of ¹³⁷Cs in the sediments are attributed to greater losses of this radionuclide from the water column via the outflow due to its greater solubility. Inputs of radionuclides from the catchment are concentrated near one of the major input streams. Away from this part of the lake the sediment record is dominated by direct atmospheric fallout, though the detailed pattern is influenced by sediment focussing. A one parameter catchment/lake transport model is developed that incorporates the assumption that transport rates will decline with time as fallout on the catchment diffuses into the soil and becomes less available for removal. Values of the transport parameter were calculated for ²¹⁰Pb and ^239+240Pu and found to be comparable. The results suggest that it will take c. 11000 years to remove 50% of ^239+240Pu from the catchment to the lake.  相似文献   

Sedimentary response of Pagham Harbour, southern England to barrier breaching in AD 1910     

A. B. Cundy  A. J. Long  C. T. Hill  C. Spencer  I. W. Croudace 《Geomorphology》2002,46(3-4)

This paper examines the evolution of Pagham Harbour, southern England following storm-induced breaching of a protective barrier in AD 1910. Stratigraphic studies of sediments collected from intertidal areas show the presence of a distinct stratigraphic horizon in the northeast of Pagham Harbour at ca. 0 to +1.0 m ordnance datum (OD). Radiometric data indicate that this horizon is a ‘reclamation surface’ formed after land claim in AD 1846. Following marine flooding in AD 1910, sediment has accreted relatively rapidly (at a broadly constant rate of between 4 and 8 mm a⁻¹), wave and/or tidal energy have decreased and extensive marshes have developed. An asymptotic reduction in sediment accretion rate through time, as predicted in various theoretical models of salt marsh accretion, is not observed. Over the entire Pagham Harbour area, the period between AD 1948 and AD 1986 has seen an average marsh loss of 0.0087 km² a⁻¹, which is relatively small in comparison with other more exposed sites in the local area. Historically breached sites such as Pagham Harbour are common around European coasts, and these provide important natural laboratories within which the medium-term (decadal to centennial) coastal response to barrier breaching, and to managed-realignment coastal protection schemes, can be assessed.  相似文献   

Floodplain sedimentation rates in an alpine watershed determined by radionuclide techniques     

Frederick M. Soster  Gerald Matisoff  Peter J. Whiting  William Fornes  Michael Ketterer  Scott Szechenyi 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(13):2038-2051

Vertical profiles of the activities of ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb were measured on floodplain sediment cores and upland soil cores along the Soda Butte Creek and the Yellowstone River to determine floodplain sedimentation rates. The position of mine tailings from a 1950 impoundment failure was used as a stratigraphic marker to estimate the sedimentation rates and to make comparisons with rates provided by radionuclide‐based methods. Mass accumulation (sedimentation) rates calculated from the position of the mine tailings ranged from 0·00 to 0·17 g cm^?2 yr^?1 and were in good agreement with sedimentation rates calculated from the inventories of ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb. Sedimentation rates calculated from the position of the ¹³⁷Cs peak generally overestimated the sedimentation rates, probably because of increased downward migration of ¹³⁷Cs caused by the low pH of water moving through the mine tailings or the high permeability of floodplain sediments relative to upland reference soils. This study demonstrates that the ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb inventory methods for determining sedimentation rates can be applied to an alpine floodplain where sedimentation events are episodic and where orographic effects on precipitation generate strong downstream gradients in the delivery of atmospheric radionuclides. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

How to cut a sediment core for <Superscript>210</Superscript>Pb geochronology: a supplement     

Xueqiang?LuEmail author  Eiji?Matsumoto 《Environmental Geology》2005,49(2):251-252

To obtain the profile of excess ²¹⁰Pb in sediment column, it is necessary to section the collected core to date. Sectioning thickness is generally not explicit. An approach when sedimentation rate is constant has been suggested by Lu and Matsumoto (Environ Geol 47:804–810, 2005). This paper addresses the case when sedimentation rate is variable. Actually, it is possible to assume that sedimentation rate is constant within the sectioning thickness and based on this concept, a tentative approach for determining reasonable sectioning thickness is proposed.  相似文献   

Regional Applications of Lake Sediment Dating by Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particle Analysis I: United Kingdom     

N.L.?RoseEmail author  P.G.?Appleby 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2005,34(3):349-361

Spheroidal carbonaceous fly-ash particles (SCPs) are produced by the high temperature combustion of fossil-fuels such as coal and oil. They are not produced by any natural processes and therefore are unambiguous indicators of atmospheric deposition from power generation and other industrial sources. In lake sediments, SCP concentration profiles are robust, replicable and often regionally characteristic such that the main profile features can be used for sediment dating. Previous work in the UK provided dates for the three main SCP profile features for Scotland, North Wales and Northern Ireland and also highlighted the lack of information for the rest of the UK. In this study, archived SCP data and new SCP concentration profiles were compiled from 80 radionuclide-dated sediment cores from across the whole of the UK in order to determine the regional coherence of temporal trends. Using SCP cumulative percentage profiles, with the SCP concentration peak set as 100%, dates for each 10% were produced for each core. Comparing these dates, eight distinct regions were found within the UK and dated cumulative profiles, with errors, were determined for each. Despite this regionality, the whole of the UK showed the same date for the start of the record (1850±25 years) and for the 40- and 50% (1940±15 and 1955±15, respectively). The national coherence of the former is thought to be due to the large confidence limits in the radionuclide dates for this period, whilst the latter is thought to be due to the impact from the major increase in electricity demand following the Second World War and the widespread introduction and use of cheap fuel-oil. Since the 1960s the trend has been one of increasing regionalisation resulting from the introduction of particle arrestor technology, the decline of heavy industry, the move to fewer and larger sources, particularly power stations, and an increase in accuracy for the dates of recent horizons. Regional trends are seen to compare well with industrial development in the UK and in some western areas influenced by emissions from Ireland. Areas of uncertainty remain in South Wales and the northern isles. A cumulative percentile was also calculated for each region for 1963 in order that this can be compared with the ²⁴¹Am and ¹³⁷Cs peaks.  相似文献