煤储层等温吸附实验过程中参数敏感性分析     

马行陟  宋岩  柳少波  田华  郑永平  郝加庆 《煤田地质与勘探》2014,42(6):34-39

容量法等温吸附实验是测定煤储层吸附性和含气性的常用手段。实验装置中的参考缸体积V₁、装有样品时的自由空间体积V₂和压力表对等温吸附实验有着直接的影响,但是这三者对实验影响的程度目前还没有系统的认识。为了理清实验过程中各参数的影响和提高等温吸附实验的测试精度,基于波义尔定律建立了煤储层容量法等温吸附实验稳定性和精确性分析的数学模型,利用Matlab软件对吸附实验过程进行了数值模拟。研究表明,吸附实验的稳定性和准确性受压力表、参考缸的体积V₁和样品缸装有样品时的自由空间体积V₂的控制,压力表测量精度越高,等温吸附实验的稳定性和精确性就越好;压力表精度一定时,V₁和V₂的体积较小且匹配组合满足一定的条件,吸附实验才能达到较好的稳定性和精确性。利用优化方法得到的结果对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘韩城地区中煤阶煤储层开展等温吸附对比实验,结果表明,经过优化组合的吸附实验测试结果稳定和精度都有所提高,吸附量的最大差值为1.45 cm3/g,远低于未经过优化的实验所测吸附量的差值5.27 cm3/g。   相似文献   

基于文献数量的中国城市规模分布研究     

古杰  ;周素红  ;闫小培 《世界地理研究》2014,23(3):74-82

本文通过对中国知网（www.cnki.net）数据库中的论文进行题名检索,从而获取对不同城市进行研究或关注的论文数量,并通过论文的数量对中国地级及其以上的城市规模分布进行研究。本文的基本结论是基于文献数量的中国城市规模分布基本符合捷夫法则。具体结论如下：其一,由于对上海和北京进行研究的文献数量相差较小,中国城市文献规模分布呈现出较低的首位度,而习惯意义上的“北上广”处在两个完全不同的等级体系。其二,Zipf维数q整体水平小于1,表明学者对城市的研究较为分散。其三,Zipf维数q从2000年到2012年整体上呈现出不断下降的趋势,表明学者对城市的研究呈现逐步分散的过程。其四,中国地级及其以上城市文献规模的等级体系整体上呈现出从金字塔式向纺锥形结构演变,中等文献规模的城市在数量上占据多数。  相似文献   

中国内陆区湖泊沉积所反映的全新世干湿变化     

郭超  马玉贞  胡彩莉  伍永秋  鲁瑞洁 《地理科学进展》2014,33(6):786-798

湖泊沉积记录的环境演变是全球变化的重要研究领域之一,通过对中国内陆区中30 个湖泊研究成果的总结和梳理,探讨了全新世以来该地区干湿变化的规律和区域分异。通过降水量结合传统分区方法将中国内陆区分为西北干旱区、东亚季风边缘区和青藏高原区。对每个湖泊样点以500 年为时间间隔,以孢粉为主要干湿指标,综合氧同位素、有机质及碳酸盐等,将湖泊干湿状况划分3 个干湿等级（干旱,半湿润,湿润）,建立区域干湿指数。结果表明,中国内陆不同区域全新世可能经历了不同的干湿变化过程：①西北干旱区基本上是早中全新世干旱,中晚全新世相对湿润,但区域差异明显;②东亚季风边缘区早全新世早期干旱,早全新世晚期和中全新世相对湿润,晚全新世干旱;③青藏高原区的湿润时期主要发生在早中全新世,但是不同地区有所不同。对比分析显示：西北干旱区的干湿变化可能受西风环流控制,但在时间和强度上区域内部差异较明显;东亚季风边缘区可能主要受东亚季风控制;青藏高原地区早中全新世的湿润可能与印度季风的增强相关。  相似文献   

The effect of environmental factors on spatial variability in land use change in the high-sediment region of China’s Loess Plateau     

Ya Luo  Shengtian Yang  Changsen Zhao  Xiaoyan Liu  Changming Liu  Linna Wu  Haigen Zhao  Yichi Zhang 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,24(5):802-814

In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that： 1） Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57%of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998.2） Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including （a） low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, （b） medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, （c） farmland to other woodland, and （d） farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3） The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China.  相似文献   

A Tikhonov regularization method to estimate Earth's oblateness variations from global GPS observations     

《Journal of Geodynamics》2014

Earth's oblateness is varying due to the redistribution of Earth's fluid mass and the interaction of various components in the Earth system. Nowadays, continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) observations can estimate Earth's oblateness (J₂) variations with the least squares method, but are subject to ill-conditioned equations with limited GPS observations and aliasing errors from truncated degrees. In this paper, a Tikhonov regularization method is used to estimate J₂ variations from global continuous GPS observations. Results show that the J₂ has been better estimated from GPS observations based on a Tikhonov regularization method than the usual least squares method when compared to SLR solutions. Furthermore, the amplitudes and phases of the annual and semi-annual J₂ variations are closer to the SLR results with truncated degrees from 2 to 5. Higher truncated degrees will degrade the J₂ estimate. Annual J₂ variations are best estimated from GPS observations with truncated degree 4 and semi-annual J₂ variations are best estimated with truncated degree 2.  相似文献   

Dynamic analysis of flexible cantilever wall retaining elastic soil by a modified Vlasov–Leontiev model     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2014

Dynamic response of a flexible cantilever wall retaining elastic soil to harmonic transverse seismic excitations is determined with the aid of a modified Vlasov–Leontiev foundation model and on the assumption of vanishing vertical displacement of the soil medium. The soil–wall interaction is taken into consideration in the presented model. The governing equations and boundary conditions of the two unknown coupled functions in the model are derived in terms of Hamilton׳s principle. Solutions of the two unknown functions are obtained on the basis of an iterative algorithm. The present method is verified by comparing its results with those of the existing analytical solution. Moreover, a mechanical model is proposed to evaluate the presented method physically. A parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of the soil–wall system properties and the excitations on the dynamic response of the wall.  相似文献   

Oblique wave diffraction by a flexible floating structure in the presence of a submerged flexible structure     

S.C. Mohapatra 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2014,108(6):615-638

Expansion formulae associated with the interaction of oblique surface gravity waves with a floating flexible plate in the presence of a submerged horizontal flexible structure are derived using Green’s integral theorem in water of finite and infinite water depths. The associated Green’s functions are derived using the fundamental solution associated with the reduced wave equation. The integral forms of the Green’s functions and the velocity potentials are advantageous over the eigenfunction expansion method in situation when the roots of the dispersion relation coalesce. As an application of the expansion formulae, diffraction of oblique waves by a finite floating elastic plate in the presence of a submerged horizontal flexible membrane is investigated in water of finite depth. The accuracy of the numerical computation is demonstrated by analysing the convergence of the complex amplitude of the reflected waves and the energy relation. Effect of the submerged membrane on the diffraction of surface waves is studied by analysing the reflection and transmission coefficients for various parametric values. Further, the derivation of long wave equation under shallow water approximation is derived in a direct manner in the appendix. The concept and methodology can be easily extended to deal with acoustic wave interaction with flexible structures and related problems of mathematical physics and engineering.  相似文献   

On the modified Taylor constraint     

Paul H. Roberts  Cheng-Chin Wu 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2014,108(6):696-715

A dynamo driven by motions unaffected by viscous forces is termed magnetostrophic. Although such a model might describe magnetic field generation in Earth’s core well, a magnetostrophic dynamo has not yet been found even though Taylor [Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1963, 274, 274–283] devised an apparently viable method of finding one. His method for determining the fluid velocity from the magnetic field and the energy source involved only the evaluation of integrals along lines parallel to the Earth’s axis of rotation and the solution of a second-order ordinary differential equation. It is demonstrated below that an approximate solution of this equation for a broad family of magnetic fields is immediate. Furthermore inertia, which was neglected in Taylor’s theory, is restored here, so that the modified theory includes torsional waves, whose existence in the Earth’s core has been inferred from observations of the length of day. Their theory is reconsidered.  相似文献   

解读美国《总统气候行动计划》的动因     

刘骊光  白云真 《气候变化研究进展》2014,10(4):297-302

长期以来,美国因缺少联邦政府层面的气候行动计划而受到国际社会的指责。这一情况在奥巴马总统的第二执政期有所改变。2013年6月,奥巴马行政当局发布《总统气候行动计划》,被认为是迄今为止最为全面的联邦气候变化应对计划。本文通过梳理行动计划的主要内容,从美国自身和国际社会角度分析了该行动计划出台的各种因素及影响,指出奥巴马行政当局旨在通过启动该气候行动和整合行政资源,修复国家气候战略,提升政治影响,同时此举有助于扭转美国在国际气候谈判中的被动地位,并重新确立领导地位。  相似文献   

Dynamics of the Earth’s core from VLBI observations     

V. S. Gubanov 《Astronomy Letters》2009,35(4):270-277

The Earth’s rotation is accompanied by free circadian oscillations of its liquid core in the inner cavity of the lower mantle, which perturb the angular momentum of the entire Earth and produce an additional free nutation of the celestial pole called free core nutation (FCN). Since this nutation causes resonances in the diurnal tides and in the expansions of luni—solar nutation, its study, especially an improvement of the FCN period, is of fundamental importance for the theory of the Earth’s rotation. We have determined the FCN parameters from a joint analysis of equidistant series of coordinates of the celestial pole obtained from the combined processing of VLBI observations on global networks of stations for the interval 1984.0–2008.4 by IERS (International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service, Paris, France) and NEOS (National Earth Orientation Service, Washington, USA). Applying a moving least-squares filter (MLSF) to these data has shown that the FCN period averaged over this time interval differs significantly from the theoretical one and its phase varies over a wide range. Using the mean quadratic collocation (MQC) method, we have obtained a new, more accurate stochastic FCN model. Its analysis by the envelope method has revealed long-term linear phase trends, calling into question not only the adopted FCN period but also its stability and, hence, the stability of the resonant effects in the Earth’s luni—solar nutation.  相似文献