Observations on a solar saltworks near Burgas, Bulgaria     

Penka Pavlova  Kostadinka Markova  Stephan Tanev  Joseph S. Davis 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1998,7(4):357-368

Data on biota and nutrients in solar ponds of a saltworks near Burgas, Bulgaria, were obtained. Surveys of the biota were undertaken, and records from management officials gave information on biological and physical conditions related to salt production. The decrease in the quality and quantity of sodium chloride harvested that began 10 to 15 years before the study, may be related to the high levels of plankton, combined nitrogen and phosphate, and the large accretion of bottom sediments and density of benthic communities. Biological management can improve the quality and quantity of the sodium chloride produced by the saltworks.  相似文献   

Ephemeral stream chemistry below the elevation of near‐zero net infiltration          下载免费PDF全文

Omar M. Al‐Qudah  Arturo Woocay  John C. Walton 《水文研究》2015,29(10):2385-2401

Stormwater along ephemeral arroyos and areal infiltration in nearby boreholes were studied in the Amargosa Desert Region of Southern Nevada, USA. Chemical composition of ephemeral stream runoff was measured at elevations below where areal infiltration generally occurs in arid environments using lysimeters designed for this study. Borehole cuttings from several wells were evaluated in terms of chloride migration. Analysis of the borehole data indicates that net areal infiltration has been insignificant for the past 10 000+ years. This is associated with an environment where chloride and other soluble salts accumulate in shallow sediments and potentially in runoff waters. Measured storm events during the 4‐year study period were small and localized but sufficient to produce surface runoff, at least near the lysimeters. Composition of storm runoff captured by the lysimeters was found to be a combination of the water chemistry types found in precipitation and from leaching tests of near‐surface sediments. All major cations and bicarbonate increased relative to chloride when precipitation interacted with sediments to form ephemeral stream runoff. The changes were consistent with calculated saturation indices. Despite the long‐term accumulation of chloride in soils and deep sediments caused by complete evapotranspiration of infiltrating precipitation, runoff waters were characterized by low chloride and total dissolved solids. This study presents a limitation of the chloride mass‐balance method, as chloride and water migration were disassociated from each other in the study area. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Soil profile evolution following land‐use change: implications for groundwater quantity and quality     

Tianming Huang  Zhonghe Pang  W. Mike Edmunds 《水文研究》2013,27(8):1238-1252

Soil and vadose zone profiles are used as an archive of changes in groundwater recharge and water quality following changes in land use in an area of the Loess Plateau of China. A typical rain‐fed loess‐terrace agriculture region in Hequan, Guyuan, is taken as an example, and multiple tracers (chloride mass balance, stable isotopes, tritium and water chemistry) are used to examine groundwater recharge mechanisms and to evaluate soil water chloride as an archive for recharge rate and water quality. Results show that groundwater recharge beneath natural uncultivated grassland, used as a baseline, is about 94–100 mm year^?1 and that the time it takes for annual precipitation to reach water table through the thick unsaturated zone is from decades to hundreds of years (tritium free). This recharge rate is 2–3 orders of magnitude more than in the other semiarid areas with similar annual rainfall but with deep‐rooted vegetation and relatively high temperature. Most of the water that eventually becomes recharge originally infiltrated in the summer months. The conversion from native grassland to winter wheat has reduced groundwater recharge by 42–50% (50–55 mm year^?1 for recharge), and the conversion from winter wheat to alfalfa resulted in a significant chloride accumulation in the upper soil zone, which terminated deep drainage. The paper also evaluates the time lag between potential recharge and actual recharge to aquifer and between increase in solute concentration in soil moisture and that in the aquifer following land‐use change due to the deep unsaturated zone. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

What can be deduced from chemical measurement in an open-field raingauge? An example in the Maures Massif,southeastern France     

BENOÎT FOURCADE  ANNE COUDRAIN-RIBSTEIN  CLAUDE MARTIN 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3):469-478

Abstract

The deposition of chemical elements in a catchment occurs through three different processes: wet, dry and cloud deposition. Total deposition cannot be inferred from measurements made with open-field raingauges, and still constitutes a challenge to scientific method. The chemical composition of samples from an open-field raingauge (bulk precipitation) was analysed over a period of several years in a small Mediterranean catchment in the Maures Massif, France. The input of chloride measured in this way was two times lower than the output, despite the fact that this element is reputed to be conservative, which means input and output should roughly balance. This implies that input has previously been underestimated. Analysis of the bulk precipitation data was carried out taking into account both the history of rain events and of sampling. This study allowed the relative parts of the different deposition processes to be quantified. Dry deposition can provide from 20% to more than 80% of the anthropogenic and terrigenic elements (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2-, SiO₂) to the rain samples. The occult deposition of marine elements on the catchment area (50% of total deposition) was found to be mostly due to cloud deposition during wet periods.  相似文献   

加速溶剂萃取技术提取海洋沉积物中游离态脂肪酸的方法研究     

李小琳  贺行良  李凤  张媛媛  陈立雷  张培玉 《岩矿测试》2014,33(6):885-891

脂肪酸是沉积物中含量最丰富的脂类标记物之一,其存在形式主要有游离态脂肪酸和结合态脂肪酸。游离态脂肪酸可由溶剂直接提取,结合态脂肪酸是在已提取出游离态脂肪酸的沉积物残渣中加入酸碱加热后再用溶剂提取。加速溶剂萃取技术(ASE)因成本低和操作毒性小,在脂肪酸研究中得到了广泛的应用。本文采集东海近海海域沉积物作为研究样本,由于其中游离态脂肪酸含量丰富,而结合态脂肪酸含量过低,测定结果精密度差,难以作为方法研究对象,因此主要针对游离态脂肪酸应用加速溶剂萃取法进行提取,研究了各种实验条件,包括萃取剂、萃取温度、静态萃取时间和循环次数的选择与优化。分析结果表明,甲醇-二氯甲烷(V:V,1:3)更适合作为萃取剂;随着萃取温度、静态萃取时间、循环次数的增加,不同类型脂肪酸的提取效率各不相同,以涵盖碳原子数最多为先决条件,以脂肪酸的萃取效率最大化为依据,确定了加速溶剂萃取的实验条件是:萃取温度110℃,静态提取时间10 min,循环3次。用这种处理方法5次测定沉积物样品中游离态脂肪酸的精密度为3.3%~19.0%,其替代物回收率为72.2%~104.6%。该方法应用于分析实际海洋沉积物样品,相比于传统的索氏提取法,流程简单,极大地提高了工作效率。  相似文献   

基体分离-电位滴定法测定高硫金属矿中的微量氯   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

胡晓静  卢琪  姜莉  钟志光  仇薪越  聂东锐  王琦  张华一  曹凤梅 《岩矿测试》2010,29(1):80-82

使用碳酸钠-氧化锌混合碱焙烧样品,将硫化物矿中的低价硫转化为硫酸盐或高价硫,过滤分离基体,采用电位滴定法测定硫化物矿(铜精矿、锌精矿、硫铁矿)中的微量氯,消除由于硫化银沉淀的产生对氯化银测定结果的干扰。通过电位突越,确定滴定终点,消除色度和浊度对滴定终点的影响。采用电极电位-浓度二次微商滴定曲线,计算滴定终点。对混合碱的选择及加入量、焙烧温度、溶液酸度、测定温度、滴定介质以及基体和共存元素的干扰进行了试验。方法精密度(RSD,n=9)均小于9%,回收率为94.1%~105.6%。  相似文献   

Hydrological processes of a rainforest headwater swamp from natural chemical tracing in Nsimi watershed,Cameroon     

Jean‐Christophe Maréchal  Jean‐Jacques Braun  Jean Riotte  Jean‐Pierre Bedimo Bedimo  Jean‐Loup Boeglin 《水文研究》2011,25(14):2246-2260

The hydrological role of a headwater swamp in a tropical rainforest is studied using chloride mass balance (CMB) and end‐member mixing analysis. There are three main contributions to streamflow: (1) the hillside bedrock aquifer, (2) overland flow from the swamp during storm events and (3) groundwater flow from the swamp aquifer. Before rainfall events of the wet season, the pre‐event water comprises a mix of 80% of bedrock aquifer and 20% of swamp aquifer. During storms, the relative contribution of overland flow increases according to the rainfall intensity and the initial saturation rate of the pre‐event water reservoirs. The yearly contribution of overland flow from the swamp to the stream is about 31%. The relationship between the swamp and the stream fluctuates with space and time. Generally, the swamp is drained by the stream; however, at the end of long dry seasons, after the first rains, indirect recharge occurs from the stream to the swamp with a hydraulic gradient inversion in the swamp aquifer. The net contribution of the swamp aquifer to the stream is only 4%, which is much lower than the hillside aquifer contribution of about 65%. Recharge on the swamp being very low, these results suggest that, except for a few storms at the end of the dry season, the Nsimi swamp does not contribute to flood attenuation. Evapotranspiration is higher on the hillside than in the swamp. Nevertheless, depletion of water stored within the swamp is dominated by evaporation rather than by its contribution to streamflow. The export of solutes through swamp groundwater flow below the weir is low (<7%). Nevertheless, the swamp is the most active area of weathering in the watershed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Transit time evaluation using a chloride concentration input step shift after forest cutting in a Japanese headwater catchment     

Tomoki Oda  Yuko Asano  Masakazu Suzuki 《水文研究》2009,23(19):2705-2713

Mean transit times were estimated for a small headwater catchment in Japan (the Fukuroyamasawa Experimental Watershed) using the step shift in input chloride (Cl^?) concentrations that occurred immediately after an episode of forest clear‐cutting. Measured Cl^? concentrations in stream water began to decrease immediately after clear‐cutting, and this trend continued for 6 years. Before clear‐cutting, the input Cl^? concentrations were controlled by wet and dry deposition processes, and most of the dry Cl^? deposition was collected by the forest canopy and reached the ground as throughfall and stemflow. After clear‐cutting, dry deposition was no longer collected by the canopy in this way, thus causing a sharp decrease in input Cl^? concentrations. By comparing measured Cl^? concentrations in stream water with estimates based on the input and evaporative Cl^? concentrations, it was shown that the decrease in stream water Cl^? concentrations was caused mainly by this step shift in the Cl^? input. It was proposed that the change in Cl^? concentrations after forest cutting could be used to represent the replacement of ‘old’ water that existed before cutting by ‘new’ water that was supplied after cutting. The breakthrough curve for the new water fraction gave an approximately exponential distribution of transit times in flow‐corrected time. The mean flow‐corrected transit time was estimated as 1068 days (runoff: 3497 mm). It was therefore concluded that the step change in input Cl^? concentrations immediately following forest clear‐cutting could be successfully used to estimate transit times for the entire catchment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Seasonal and interannual variations of nitrate and chloride in stream waters related to spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater concentrations in agricultural catchments     

C. Martin  L. Aquilina  C. Gascuel‐Odoux  J. Molnat  M. Faucheux  L. Ruiz 《水文研究》2004,18(7):1237-1254

Nitrate concentrations in streamwater of agricultural catchments often exhibit interannual variations, which are supposed to result from land‐use changes, as well as seasonal variations mainly explained by the effect of hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. In catchments on impervious bedrock, seasonal variations of nitrate concentrations in streamwater are usually characterized by higher nitrate concentrations in winter than in summer. However, intermediate or inverse cycles with higher concentrations in summer are sometimes observed. An experimental study was carried out to assess the mechanisms that determine the seasonal cycles of streamwater nitrate concentrations in intensive agricultural catchments. Temporal and spatial patterns of groundwater concentrations were investigated in two adjacent catchments located in south‐western Brittany (France), characterized by different seasonal variations of streamwater nitrate concentrations. Wells were drilled across the hillslope at depths ranging from 1·5 to 20 m. Dynamics of the water table were monitored and the groundwater nitrate and chloride concentrations were measured weekly over 2 years. Results highlighted that groundwater was partitioned into downslope domains, where denitrification induced lower nitrate concentrations than into mid‐slope and upslope domains. For one catchment, high subsurface flow with high nitrate concentrations during high water periods and active denitrification during low water periods explained the higher streamwater nitrate concentrations in winter than in summer. For the other catchment, the high contribution of groundwater with high nitrate concentrations smoothed or inverted this trend. Increasing bromide/chloride ratio and nitrate concentrations with depth argued for an effect of past agricultural pressure on this catchment. The relative contribution of flows in time and correlatively the spatial origin of waters, function of the depth and the location on the hillslope, and their chemical characteristics control seasonal cycles of streamwater nitrate concentrations and can influence their interannual trends. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

盐渍土冻结温度的试验研究   总被引：16，自引：6，他引：10  

邴慧  马巍 《冰川冻土》2011,33(5):1106-1113

冻结温度是判别土体是否处于冻结状态的指标,在人工冻结和数值模拟计算中影响冻结壁的厚度和计算精度.通过采用不同土体添加不同的盐分,对不同含水量和含盐量土体进行盐渍土的冻结温度试验,考虑了不同因素对土体冻结温度的影响.实验表明：不论何种土含有何种离子,土体的冻结温度随含盐量的增加而降低,随含水量的增加而增大;土中易溶盐的含...  相似文献