晚白垩世以来川东北地区的剥蚀历史——多类低温热年代学数据综合剖面的制约   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

田云涛  朱传庆  徐明  饶松  Barry P.Kohn  胡圣标 《地球物理学报》2011,54(3):807-816

低温热年代学数据是一个与热历史过程紧密相关的资料类型,与高温年代学不同,低温热年代学表观年龄本身在很多情况下没有直接的地质意义.当且仅当样品线性持续冷却的情况下,表观年龄才可以被直接解释为样品经过其封闭温度的大致时间.因此,只有结合地质约束通过对低温热年代学数据进行热历史模拟才能更好地揭示其所蕴含的地质信息.对川东北地...  相似文献   

The structure of contemporary denudation in the steppes of the Minusinskaya depression     

O.I. Bazhenova  E.M. Tyumentseva 《Geography and Natural Resources》2010,31(4):362-369

We examine the contemporary denudation cycles in the steppes of Khakassia, including the phase of integration of matter in the system and of the nival-proluvial removal, and the deflation phase of long-range transport of matter from the Minusinskaya depression. The cartographic model for the contemporary functioning of denudation systems is presented.  相似文献   

Cosmogenic nuclide-based investigation of spatial erosion and hillslope channel coupling in the transient foreland of the Swiss Alps   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Kevin P. Norton  Friedhelm von Blanckenburg  Fritz Schlunegger  Marco Schwab  Peter W. Kubik 《Geomorphology》2008,95(3-4):474-486

Transient landscape disequilibrium is a common response to climatic fluctuations between glacial and interglacial conditions. Such landscapes are best suited to the investigation of catchment-wide response to changes in incision. The geomorphology of the Trub and Grosse Fontanne, adjacent stream systems in the Napf region of the Swiss Molasse, was analyzed using a 2-m LIDAR DEM. The two catchments were impacted by the Last Glacial Maximum, LGM, even though the glaciers never overrode this region. They did, however, cause base levels to drop by as much as 80 m. Despite their similar tectonic, lithologic and climatic settings, these two basins show very different responses to the changing boundary conditions. Stream profiles in the Trub tend to be smooth, while in the Fontanne, numerous knickzones are visible. Similarly, cut-and-fill terraces are abundant in the Trub watershed, but absent in the Fontanne, where deep valleys have been incised. The Trub appears to be a coupled hillslope–channel system because the morphometrics throughout the basin are uniform. The morphology of hillslopes upstream of the knickzones in the Fontanne is identical to that of the Trub basin, but different downstream of the knickzones, suggesting that the lower reaches of the Fontanne have been decoupled from the hillslopes. However, the rapid incision of the Fontanne is having little effect on the adjacent upper hillslopes.We tested this interpretation using cosmogenic ¹⁰Be-derived basin-averaged denudation rates and terrace dating. The coupled nature of the Trub basin is supported by the similarity of denudation rates, 350 ± 50 mm ky^− 1, at a variety of spatial scales. Upstream of the knickzones, rates in the Fontanne, 380 ± 50 mm ky^− 1, match those of the Trub. Downstream of the knickzones, denudation rates increase to 540 ± 100 mm ky^− 1. The elevated rates in the downstream areas of the Fontanne are due to rapid incision causing a decoupling of the hillslope from the channel. Basin response time and the magnitude of base level drop exert the principal control over the difference in geomorphic response between the two basins. The timing of the filling of the Trub valley, 17 ± 2 ka, and the initial incision of the Fontanne, 16 ± 3 ka, were calculated, verifying that these are responses to late glacial perturbations. Unique lithologic controls allow for one of the fastest regolith production rates yet to be reported,  380 mm ky^− 1.  相似文献   

迅速抬升剥蚀山区大地热流的地形校正          下载免费PDF全文

石耀霖  Rick Allis  Fred Davey 《地球物理学报》1996,39(Z1):264-269

在大地热流评估中，经常要对接近地表的实测值进行校正，然而在迅速抬升剥蚀的崎岖山区，在抬升剥蚀校正基础上进一步作地形校正时，没有剥蚀静态条件下的地形校正是否仍然适用是一个没有讨论过的问题．本文以新西兰的南阿尔卑斯山地区为例，通过有限单元法数值计算，探讨了迅速抬升剥蚀的山区剥蚀和地形二者对近地表不同深度地热流量影响的综合效应．结果表明，虽然迅速抬升地区大地热流密度的地形校正与不考虑剥蚀情况下的校正在较大深度处会略有差别，但总的来说差别甚微．因此，可以沿用传统的地形校正方法，根据钻孔所处地形和测温深度作地形校正．  相似文献   

Factors controlling carbonate dissolution rates quantified in a field test in the Austrian alps   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Lukas Plan   《Geomorphology》2005,68(3-4):201-212

Carbonate dissolution rates were investigated by measuring the mass difference of carbonate tablets exposed to natural dissolution for 1 year. 70 tablets were distributed over 13 test sites on the north slope of the Hochschwab Massif in the Austrian Alps. The influences of altitude, subsoil vs. sub-aerial exposure, vegetation, karst morphology, soil humidity, sample lithology, and sample surface morphology were investigated. The observed dissolution rates varied between 13 and 40 μm/a for subcutaneous samples and about 11 μm/a for sub-aerial exposure. Outstandingly high rates of 48 μm/a were observed in a doline and nearly zero rates were measured at a site influenced by seeping spring water.A mass balance, using high-resolution hydrological data, was calculated for the Kläffer Spring, which has an average outflow of 4.8 m³/s. It indicated a loss of 21×10⁶ kg of carbonate rock per year which gives an average dissolution rate of 95 μm/a for the catchment area of 83 km². The dissolution rates of 10 μm/a from the sub-aerially exposed samples are comparable to values from limestone pedestals, which were protected from dissolution by glacial erratics for the past 15 ka.  相似文献   

南沙海域盆地群早中新世“挤压隆升幕”及其构造意义     

关成尧  漆家福  张厚和  廖宗宝  陈玮常 《地质科学》2022,57(1):139-155

本文依据南沙海域实际地震测线资料,相关证据显示早中新世(T₆₀-T₄₀之间)南沙腹地多盆地发生挤压反转构造,南沙西南部多见挤压褶皱。南沙海域及周边地区在早中新世开始发生全区的挤压隆升和剥蚀,经过局部剥蚀量和构造抬升量定量估算,认为隆升核心区域的九章盆地由于挤压隆升导致的地层剥蚀量大于3 500 m。"早中新世挤压隆升幕"形成一个以郑和隆起为核心的"碟形"剥蚀区,活动时间与西南次海盆的扩张时间一致,西南次海盆的扩张可能是造成隆升幕的重要原因。由于隆升剥蚀前存在深埋,南沙腹地(九章盆地为代表)和南沙北缘(中业、永登盆地为代表)的"浅、薄、小"盆地群的价值不容忽视。  相似文献   

Experimental simulation of element mass transfer and primary halo zone on water-rock interaction     

《Applied Geochemistry》2016

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Mesozoic exhumation of the southern Cape, South Africa, quantified using apatite fission track thermochronology   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

Justine Tinker  Maarten de Wit  Roderick Brown   《Tectonophysics》2008,455(1-4):77-93

Southern Africa's topography is distinctive. An inland plateau of low relief and high average elevation is separated from a coastal plane of high relief and low average elevation by a steeply dipping escarpment. The origin and evolution of this topography is poorly understood because, unlike high plateaus elsewhere, its development cannot be easily linked to present day compressional plate boundary processes. Understanding the development of this regional landscape since the break-up of Gondwana is a first order step towards resolving regional epeirogenesis. We present data that quantifies the timing and extent of exhumation across the southern Cape escarpment and coastal plane, using apatite fission track analysis (AFTA) of 25 outcrop samples and 31 samples from three deep boreholes (KW1/67, SA1/66, CR1/68). Outcrop fission track (AFT) ages are Cretaceous and are significantly younger than the stratigraphic ages of their host rocks, indicating that the samples have experienced elevated paleotemperatures. Mean track lengths vary from 11.86 to 14.23 μm. The lack of Cenozoic apatite ages suggests that major cooling was over by the end Cretaceous. The results for three boreholes, situated seaward (south) of the escarpment, indicate an episode of increased denudation in the mid-late Cretaceous (100–80 Ma). An earlier episode of increased denudation (140–120 Ma) is identified from a borehole north of the escarpment. Thermal modelling indicates a history involving 2.5–3.5 km of denudation in the mid-late Cretaceous (100–80 Ma) at a rate of 175 to 125 m/Ma. The AFT data suggest that less than 1 km of overburden has been eroded regionally since the late Cretaceous (< 80 Ma) at a rate of 10 to 15 m/Ma, but do not discount the possibility of minor (in relative amplitude) episodes of uplift and river incision through the Cenozoic. The reasons for rapid denudation in these early and mid-Cretaceous episodes are less clear, but may be related to epeirogenic uplift associated with an increase in mantle buoyancy as reflected in two punctuated episodes of alkaline intrusions (e.g. kimberlites) across southern Africa and contemporaneous formation of two large mafic igneous provinces (~ 130 and 90 Ma) flanking its continental margins. Because Cenozoic denudation rates are relatively minimal, epeirogenic uplift of southern Africa and its distinct topography cannot be primarily related to Cenozoic mantle processes, consistent with the lack of any significant igneous activity across this region during that time.  相似文献   

Combining cosmogenic nuclides and major elements from moraine soil profiles to improve weathering rate estimates   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Schaller  J.D. Blum  T.A. Ehlers 《Geomorphology》2009,106(3-4):198-205

Previous studies of chemical weathering rates for soil developed on glacial moraines generally assumed little or no physical erosion of the soil surface. In this study, we investigate the influence of physical erosion on soil profile weathering rate calculations. The calculation of chemical weathering rates is based on the assumption that soil profiles represent the integrated amount of weathering since the time of moraine deposition. The weathering rate of a surface subjected to denudation is the sum of the weathering loss from the existing soil profile added to the weathering loss in the material removed by denudation, divided by the deposition age. In this study, the amount of weathered material removed since moraine deposition is calculated using the denudation rate estimated from cosmogenic nuclide data and the deposition age of the moraine. Weathering rates accounting for denudation since moraine deposition are compared to weathering rates based on the assumption of no physical erosion and on the assumption of steady-state denudation for the Type Pinedale moraine ( 21 ka) and the Bull Lake-age moraine ( 140 ka) in the Fremont Lake Area (Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, USA). The total weathering rates accounting for denudation are 8.15 ± 1.05 g_(oxide) m^− 2 y^− 1 for the Type Pinedale moraine and 4.78 ± 0.89 g_(oxide) m^− 2 y^− 1 for the Bull Lake-age moraine, which are  2 to 4 times higher, respectively, than weathering rates based on the assumption of no physical erosion. The weathering rates based on denudation since moraine deposition are comparable or smaller than weathering rates assuming steady-state denudation. We find the assumption of steady-state denudation is not valid in depositional landscapes with young deposition ages or slow denudation rates. The decrease in weathering rates over time between the Type Pinedale and Bull Lake-age soils that is observed in the case of no physical erosion is decreased when the influence of denudation on the total weathering rates is taken into account. Fresh unweathered material with high reactive mineral surface area is continuously provided to the surface layer by denudation diminishing the effect of decreasing weathering rate over time.  相似文献   

青藏高原挤压隆升过程的数值模拟   总被引：36，自引：7，他引：29       下载免费PDF全文

傅容珊  徐耀民  黄建华  李力刚 《地球物理学报》2000,43(3):346-355

将大陆岩石层视为由幂指数律控制的一层薄层,它上伏在粘滞性较低的软流层之 上蠕变流动,其运动限制在与东亚大陆构造形态较相似的边界模型的梯形框架之中．设印度 板块以一恒定的速度向北推进,并被视为青藏高原挤压隆升的主要动力．用数值模拟的方法 研究了青藏高原的挤压隆升演化过程,并对数值模拟的隆升过程作了剥蚀修正．结果表明, 由挤压模型所产生的地形和现代青藏高原及其邻区的地形格局比较吻合．同时也表明,挤压 隆升过程受多种因素（如岩石层的力学特性、边界条件以及剥蚀作用）的制约,无论从空间还 是从时间上看,模拟所反映的高原隆升都是不均匀的演化过程．  相似文献